Gwaro Maringe Neropa Rechizvarirwo Revakadzi.
Bhuku rinonzi “ Gwaro Maringe Neropa Rechizvarirwo Revakadzi.” raSheikh muzvinafundo mukuru Muhammad bin Salih al-Uthaymin (Mwari vavanzwire tsitsi) itsamba yezvidzidzo yakasimba yakaongorora nekutsvakurudza nezveropa rechisikirwo revakadzi, rinoti Haidhi (kuenda kumwedzi), Istihadha (kubuda kweropa kusiri kwekumwedzi), neNifaas (ropa rinobuda mushure mekusununguka), richitsigira kubva muBhuku Rinoera (Qur’an) neSunnah yakachenurwa, uye richibatanidzwa nekunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemashoko enyanzvi dzechitendero panyaya idzi. Mariri makatsanangurwa mitemo yeropa, kuchijekeswa misiyano…
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Gwaro Maringe Neropa Rechizvarirwo Revakadzi.
Rakanyorwa nevanoremekedzwa Sheikh vakuru
Muhammad ibn Salih al-Uthaymin
Allah ngavavaregerere, ivo,nevabereki vavo, nemaMuslim ese.
Muzita raAllah, vane tsitsi, vane ngoni.
Rumbidzo dzose ndedzaAllah, tinovamurumbidza, tovakumbira rubatsiro, tovakumbira ruregerero, uye totendeukira kwavari. Tinopotera kuna Allah kubva kuhuipi hwedu, uye kubva kuhuipi hwemabasa edu. Uyo anotungamirirwa naAllah, hapana anomurasisa, uye uyo waanorasisa, hapana anomutungamirira. Uye ndinopupura kuti hapana akakodzera kunamatwa pachokwadi kunze kwaAllah, vari vega, havana mubatsiri. Uye ndinopupura kuti Muhammad muranda wavo neMutumwa wavo, Allah ngavavakomborere, ivo, pamwe nemhuri yavo, nemaSwahaba avo, neavo vakavatevera mukuita zvakanaka kusvikira pazuva rekutongwa, uye vave nerugare rwakakwana.
Pashure peizvi: Zvechokwadi, marudzi eropa anobuda mumukadzi, anoti Haydh, Istihadhah, neNifaas, ndedzimwe dzenyaya dzakakosha dzinoda kujekeswa pamwe nekuzivikanwa kwemitemo yadzo, uye kusiyanisa pakati pezvisizvo nezvakarurama kubva mumashoko evane ruzivo maererano nenyaya idzi, Uye kuti kuvimba, pane zvinosimbiswa pazviri kana izvo zvinoshayiswa simba, kuve pachiedza chezvakauya muBhuku neSunnah.
1- Nokuti ndiwo mabviro maviri makuru anovakirwa mirairo yaAllah vari kumusoro-soro, yavakaraira varanda vake kuti vamunamate nayo uye zvavakavasungira kuita.
2- Uye nekuti kuvimba neQur'an neSunnah mune kugadzikana kwemoyo, nekunyaradzwa kwechipfuva, nekugutsikana kwemoyo, nekusununguka kwehana.
3- Uye nekuti zvinhu zvisiri zviviri izvi, zvinotsvagirwa humbowo, kwete kushandiswa sehumbowo.
Nokuti hapana humbowo kunze kweshoko raAllah vari kumusoro-soro uye shoko reMutumwa wavo, rugare nemakomborero aAllah ngazvive pavari, saizvozvowo shoko revanhu veruzivo kubva kumaSwahaba maererano nemaonero ane simba, asi nechiga chekuti pasave chinopikisana nazvo muQuran neSunnah, Uye kuti mashoko emuSwahaba asapikiswe nemashoko emumwe muSwahaba. Uyezve kana muQur'an neSunnah muine zvinopikisana nazvo, zvinosungirwa kutevedzera zviri muQur'an neSunnah, Uye kana mashoko emuSwahaba akapesana nemashoko emumwe muSwahaba, panotsvagwa mashoko akasimba pakati pemashoko maviri aya, uye kotorwa ayo anohumbowo hwakasimba kupfuura mamwe; nekuda kwemashoko aAllah vekumusoro-soro ekuti: ﴿...Zvino kana mukapesana pachinhu chipi zvacho, chidzoserei kuna Allah neMutumwa, kana muchitenda muna Allah neZuva Rekupedzisira. Izvozvo ndizvo zvakanaka uye tsanangudzo yakanakisisa.﴾ [An-Nisaa: 59].
Uye iri igwaro pfupi rinotsanangura zvinodiwa panyaya dzeropa idzi nemitemo yadzo, uye rinosanganisira zvitsauko zvinotevera:
·Chitsauko Chekutanga: Zvinoreva Haidh nehuchenjeri hwayo (chinangwa chayo).
Chitsauko Chepiri: Nguva nekureba kwayo.
Chitsauko Chechitatu: Pamusoro pezvinhi zvinogona kuchinja pakutevera.
Chitsauko chechina: Mitemo yeHaidh.
·Chitsauko chechishanu: ZveIstihadha neMitemo yayo.
Chitsauko Chechitanhatu: Nifaas nemitemo yayo.
·Chitsauko chechinomwe: Nezvekushandisa zvinodzivirira ropa remwedzi kana zvinoriunza, uye zvinodzivirira nhumbu kana zvinoibvisa.
Chitsauko Chekutanga: Zvinoreva Haidh ne huchenjeri hwayo (chinangwa chayo)
Haydh(mumutauro wechiArabhu): Kuyerera kwechinhu nekufamba kwacho.
Mumutemo weIslam, iropa rinobuda mumukadzi maererano nemasikirwo ake pasina chikonzero, panguva dzinozivikanwa. Iropa remasikirwo risina kukonzerwa nehurwere, kana ronda, kana kuwa, kana kusununguka. Uye sezvo riri ropa remasikirwo, rinosiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro emukadzi, nzvimbo yaanogara, nemamiriro ekunze; nekuda kwaizvozvo vakadzi vanosiyana-siyana zvikuru mariri kusiyana kunoonekwa pachena.
Uye huchenjeri huri mazviri ndehwekuti: panguva iyo mwana anenge ari mudumbu maamai vake, haakwanisi kuwana chokudya sezvinoita uyo anenge ari kunze kwedumbu, uye kunyange ane tsitsi zhinji kudarika zvisikwa zvese kwaari haakwanisi kumusvitsira chero chokudya. Panguva iyoyo, Allah vari kumusoro-soro vakaita kuti mumukadzi muve neropa rinobuda iro rinopa chokudya kumwana ari mudumbu maamai vake pasina kudiwa kwekudya nekugaya. Ropa iroro rinopinda mumuviri make kuburikidza neguvhu, uko rinoyerera mutsinga dzake, iye owana chokudya kubva mariri. Nokudaro vakaropafadzwa Allah, Musiki akanakisisa.
Saka uhu ndihwo huchenjeri huri mukuenda kumwedzi uku; nekuda kwaizvozvo, kana mukadzi akava nepamuviri, kuenda kumwedzi kunomira, uye haaendi kumwedzi kunze kwekashomanana kasingawanzoitika. Uye saizvozvo, vakadzi vanoyamwisa, vashoma vavo ndivo vanoenda kumwedzi, kunyanya munguva dzekutanga kuyamwisa.
Chitsauko Chechipiri: ZveNguva yeHaydh nekureba kwayo
Hurukuro muchitsauko chino iri muzvikamu zviviri:
Chikamu chekutanga: Zera rinouya Haidh.
Chikamu chechipiri: Nguva yeHaidh.
Chikamu chekutanga: zera rinonyanya kuenda vanhu kumwedzi riri pakati pemakore gumi nemaviri nemakumi mashanu. Uye dzimwe nguva munhukadzi anogona kuenda kumwedzi zera iri risati rasvika kana kuti rapfuura, zvichienderana nemamiriro ake, nzvimbo yaanogara, uye mamiriro ekunze.
Vadzidzii (Allah ngavavanzwire tsitsi) vakapokana pamaonero pamusoro pekuti zera rekutevera rine muganhu(nguva) wakatarwa here, zvekuti munhukadzi haateveri pamberi pemuganhu uyu kana shure kwawo, uye kuti ropa rinouya kwaari pamberi pemuganhu uyu kana shure kwawo iropa rehurwere, kwete rekutevera?
Vadzidzi vakasiyana pamaonero pamusoro pazvo; Ad-Darimi akati - mushure mekunge ataura nezvekusiyana ikoko-: Zvose izvi mukuona kwangu kukanganisa! Nekuti chinotariswa pazvose izvi kuvapo kwacho. Saka chero huwandu (hweropa iri) hunowanikwa, mune chero mamiriro api zvawo kana zera, hunofanirwa kutorwa sekuenda kumwedzi. Uye Allah vanoziva zvikuru [1]. [1] Ahkaam Al-Mutahayyirah fii Al-Haydh, yaAd-Daarimi (peji: 17).
Uye uku kutaura kwaAd-Daarimi ndiko kwechokwadi, uye ndiyo sarudzo yaShaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah [2], saka kana munhukadzi aona ropa rekumwedzi, anotorwa seari kutevera, kunyangwe aine makore ari pasi pepfumbamwe kana anopfuura makumi mashanu. Uye zvinodaro nekuti Allah neMutumwa wake vakabatanidza mitemo yeHaydhi nekuvepo kwayo, uye Allah neMutumwa wake havana kutara zera panyaya iyoyo, saka zvinosungirwa kudzokera pakuvepo ikoko kwakabatanidzwa nemitemo yacho, uye kuzvitara nezera rakatarwa kunoda humbowo kubva muQur'an kana muSunnah, uye hapana humbowo maererano naizvozvo.
Chikamu chepiri inguva yeHaydh , kureva kuti hurefu hwayo.
Zvirokwazvo, vadzidzi vakapesana maonero zvikuru panyaya iyi, pamaonero anosvika matanhatu kana manomwe.Ibn al-Mundhir (Allah ngavamunzwire tsitsi) akati: Uye rimwe boka rakati: Hakuna muganhu wemazuva wehushoma kana huwandu hwenguva yekuenda kumwedzi[3].
Ndinoti: Uye shoko iri rakafanana neshoko raAd-Darimi rapfuura, uye ndiyo sarudzo yaSheikh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah, uye ndicho chokwadi; nekuti rinoratidzwa neQur'an, neSunnah, pamwe nekufunga kwakadzama.
Humbowo hwekutanga: Ishoko raAllah vari kumusoro-soro rekuti: {Uye vanokubvunza nekutevera. Iti: “Chinhu chinokuvadza.” Saka, garai kure nevakadzi panguva yekutevera, uye musaswedere pedyo navo kusvikira vachena...} [Al-Baqarah:222]، Saka Allah vakatara kuti panogumira kurambidzwa kuita zvebonde nevakadzi ngokunge vachena vapedza kutevera. Uye havana kutara kuti panogumira kurambidzwa kwebonde kuve zuva rimwechete nehusiku humwechete, kana mazuva matatu, kana mazuva gumi nemashanu. Saka izvi zvinoratidza kuti chikonzero chemutemo uyu iHaydh, kuvapo kwayo pamwe nekusavapo kwayo. Saka pese panowanikwa ropa rekutevera , mutemo wacho unovepo, uye pese panochena mudzimai orega kuve neropa , mitemo yacho inobva.
Humbowo hwechipiri: Zvakatsinhirwa muSahih Muslim kuti Muporofita, rugare nemakomborero aAllah ngazvive kwavari, vakati kuna 'Aisha, paakanga aenda kumwedzi ari muIhram ye'Umrah: «Ita zvose zvinoitwa nemunhu ari paHajj, kunze kwekuti usapoterere (Twawaaf) Imba (yaAllah Ka'bah) kusvikira wachena». Akati: Zvino pakasvika Zuva reChibayiro, ndakachena, ndikabva ndaita Twawaaf. Hadith [4]. [4] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku rehaidh, chitsauko chekuti mukadzi ari kuhaidh anopedza mabasa ake eHajj ese kunze kweTwawaf paImba yaAllah, nhamba (305), uye Muslim: bhuku reHajj, chitsauko chekutsanangura nzira dzeIhram, nhamba (1211).
Uye muzvinyorwa zviviri zvechokwadi( Al-Bukhari naMuslim), Muporofita, rugare nemakomborero aAllah ngazvive pavari, vakati kwaari: «Mirira, kana wachena, buda uende kuTan'iim (woita ihraam ikoko)»[5]، Saka Muporofita –Allah ngavavakomborere nekuvapa rugare– vakaita kuti kuchena kubva mukutevera kuve magumo ekurambidzwa kwebonde, uye havana kuita kuti nguva yakatarwa ive magumo acho. Saka izvi zvinoratidza kuti mutemo wacho une chekuita nekuvepo kana kusavepo kwekutevera. [5] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku reUmrah, chitsauko chemubairo weUmrah zvichienderana nekutambudzika, nhamba (1662), uye Muslim: bhuku reHajj, chitsauko chekutsanangura marudzi eIhram, nhamba (1211).
Humbowo hwechitatu: kuti zviyero netsananguro dzakadzama idzi dzinotaurwa nenyanzvi dzeMutemo waAllah munyaya iyi hadziwanikwe muBhuku raAllah vekumusoro-soro kana muSunnah yeMuporofita waAllah (rugare netsitsi dzaAllah ngazvive kwavari), kunyangwe paine kudikanwa, uye kunyange kumanikidzwa, kunoda kuti dzijekeswe. Dai zvaive zvinhu zvinosungirwa varanda kuti vazvinzwisise uye kuti vanamate Allah nazvo, zvirokwazvo Allah neMutumwa wavo (makomborero nerugare zvaAllah ngazvive pamusoro pake) vangadai vakazvitsanangura zviri pachena kumunhu wese wese; nekuda kwekukosha kwemitemo inobva pane izvozvo, yakaita seSwalaah, nekutsanya, newanano, nekurambana, nenhaka, uye mimwe mitemo isiri iyo, sekujekesa kwakaita Allah neMutumwa wavo huwandu hwemaSwalah, nenguva dzadzo, neRukuu yadzo, neSujuud yadzo, neZakaah: pfuma yayo, maNiswaab ayo, chiyero chayo, nekwapainopihwa, kutsanya: kureba kwacho nenguva yacho, Hajj, nezvimwe zvakadaro, kunyange tsika dzekudya nekunwa, nekurara, nekusangana kwemurume nemukadzi, nekugara pasi, nekupinda mumba nekubuda mairi, netsika dzekuzvibatsira, kusvika pahuwandu hwekupukuta pakuzvichenura; nezvimwe zvakadaro zvezvinhu zvidiki nezvikuru, izvo Allah vakakwanirisa nazvo chitendero, uye vakazadzisa nazvo nyasha dzavo kune vatendi, sekutaura kwaAllah vekumusoro-soro kuti: ﴿...Uye takadzikisa kwauri Gwaro richitsanangura chinhu chose...﴾ [An-Nahl:89], Uyezve Allah vari kumusoro-soro vakati: ﴿...Haisi nhaurwa yekufungidzirwa, asi itsinhiro yemagwaro akaritangira, uye tsanangudzo yezvinhu zvese...﴾ [Yusuf:111].
Sezvo kusina kuwanikwa zviyero izvi netsanangudzo dzakadzama muBhuku raAllah kana muSunnah yeMutumwa wake, rugare nemakomborero aAllah ngazvive pavari, zvakava pachena kuti hazvifanirwe kuvimbwa nazvo, uye kuti panongofanirwa kuvimbwa chete nezita rekuti Haidh, iro i kuvepo kwaro kana kusavepo kwaro kwakabatanidzwa nemitemo yechitendero. Uye humbowo uhu – ndinoreva kuti: kusataurwa kwemutemo muBhuku nemuSunnah humbowo hwekushaya basa kwawo – hunokubatsira munyaya iyi nedzimwe nyaya dzeruzivo; nekuti mitemo yeShariah haitsinhirwe kunze kwekunge pane humbowo hunobva kuMutemo waAllah, kubva muBhuku raAllah, kana Sunnah yeMutumwa wavo, rugare nemakomborero aAllah ngazvive pavari, kana kubvumirana kunozivikanwa, kana kufananidza kwakarurama. Sheikh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah vakati mune imwe yenheyo dzavo: «Uye pakati peizvi pane zita rekuti Haidh (kutevera), iro Allah vakasungira pairi mitemo yakawanda muQur'an neSunnah, asi havana kutara nguva dikisa yayo kana nguva hombesa yayo, uye kana nguva yekuchena (Twuhr) pakati pekuenda kumwedzi kuviri, kunyangwe hazvo iri nyaya inosangana nevanhu vakawanda muUmmah, uye ichidikanwa. Uye mutauro hausiyanise pakati pechiyero nechimwe, saka uyo anotara muganho mune izvozvo anenge apikisa Qur'an neSunnah»[6]. Apa ndipo pakaperera mashoko avo. [6] Risaalat al-Asma' allati 'allaqa ash-Shari' al-Ahkaam bihaa (p:35)
Humbowo hwechina: Kutarisa chikonzero, zvinoreva kuti: kufananidza kwakarurama kusingashanduki, uye izvozvo ndezvekuti Allah vari kumusoro-soro vakatsanangura chikonzero chekutevera vachiti chinhu chinokuvadza, saka pese panowanikwa kutevera, kukuvadza kwacho kunenge kuripo, hapana musiyano pakati pezuva rechipiri nezuva rekutanga, uye pakati perechina nerechitatu, uye hapana musiyano pakati pezuva regumi nenhanhatu neregumi neshanu, uye hakunawo musiyano pakati peregumi nesere neregumi nenomwe. Saka Haidh ndiyo Haidh, uye kukuvadza kunongove kukuvadza, saka chikonzero chacho chiripo mumazuva maviri aya zvakafanana. Zvino zvingaita sei kuti pave nekusiyanisa pamutemo pakati pemazuva maviri aya, asi iwo akafanana pachikonzero? Ko izvi hazvisi kupesana nechiyero chakarurama here? Ko chiyero chakarurama hakusi kuenzana kwemazuva maviri pamutongo here, nekuda kwekuenzana kwawo pachikonzero?
Humbowo hwechishanu: kupesana kwemashoko kwevakatara mazuva nekuvhiringika kwawo, izvo zvinoratidza kuti munyaya iyi hapana humbowo hunofanirwa kuteverwa, asi kuti ingori mitongo yekutsvagisisa inogona kukanganisa kana kururama, uye hapana rumwe rutivi rwakakodzera kuteverwa kupfuura rumwe. Uye pekudzokera pakunetsana iBhuku neSunnah.
Kana zvabuda pachena kusimba kwemaonero ekuti: hapana muganhu wemazuva mashomanana kana mazhinjisa ekutevera, uye kuti aya ndiwo maonero akasimba, saka ziva kuti ropa rese rechisikirwo rinoonekwa nemukadzi risina kukonzerwa neronda kana chimwe chinhu chakadai, iropa rekutevera, pasina chiyero chenguva kana zera. Kunze kwekunge riri ropa rinoramba richibuda pamukadzi risingamire zvachose, kana kuti richimira kwenguva pfupi sezuva rimwe kana maviri pamwedzi, nekuti ipapo rinobva rave Istihadhah. Uye pachazouya - kana Allah vachida, vari kumusorosoro - tsananguro yeIstihadha nemitemo yacho.
Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah vakati: Hwaro hwezvese zvinobuda muchibereko ndewekuti iHaydh, kusvikira pawanikwa humbowo hunoratidza kuti iistihaadhah[7]. [7] Bhuku rambotaurwa nezvaro (peji:36).
Uye vakataurawo vachiti: “Saka ropa rinobuda iropa rekutevera kana zvisingazivikanwe kuti iropa retsinga kana kuti reronda[8].” Apa ndipo pakaperera mashoko avo. [8] Bhuku rambotaurwa nezvaro (peji:38).
Uye kutaura uku ndiko kwakasimba maererano nehumbowo, zvakare kuriwo nyore kunzwisisa nekubata, uye kwakareruka pakuita nekushandisa pane zvakataurwa neavo vanoisa miganhu. Uye chinhu chakadai ndicho chinonyanya kukodzera kugamuchirwa nekuda kwekuwirirana kwacho nemweya wechitendero cheIslam pamwe nenheyo yacho, inova kureruka nekurerutsira. Allah vekumusoro-soro vakati: ﴿...uye havana kumbokuomeserai muchitendero...﴾ [Al-Hajj:78], Uye Muporofita, rugare nemakomborero aAllah ngazvive pavari, vakati: «Zvirokwazvo, chitendero chakareruka, uye hapana munhu anoomesa chitendero kunze kwekuti chinomukurira. Saka, ruramisai (mabasa enyu), svikirai pedyo (nepakakwana), uye gamuchirai mashoko anofadza.» Yakashumwa naBukhari[9]. [9] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku rekutenda, chitsauko: Chitendero chakareruka, nhamba (39), kubva muhadith yaAbu Hurairah (Allah ngavafare naye).
Uye zvaive zvimwe zvepahunhu hwavo Muporofita (Allah ngavavakomborere nekuvapa rugare) ndezvekuti: «Pose paaipihwa sarudzo pakati penyaya mbiri, vaisarudza yakareruka pazviri, chero bedzi isiri chitadzo»[10]. [10] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku remanasa akanaka, chitsauko chehunhu hweMuporofita, nhamba (3560), uye Muslim: bhuku rezvakanaka chitsauko chekuzvichengeta kwake kubva kuzvivi, nhamba (77/2327). [2] Majmuu' al-Fataawaa (238/19-239).
Haidh yemukadzi ane pamuviri: [3] Al-Awsat (356/2).
Kazhinji, kana mukadzi akava nepamuviri ropa rinomira kubuda. Imam Ahmad (Allah ngavamunzwire tsitsi) akati: «Vakadzi vanoziva kuti vane pamuviri nekumira kweropa»[11]. [11] Tarisa: Al-Mughni (405/1).
Saka kana mukadzi ane pamuviri aona ropa, uye kana rauya panguva asati asununguka nenguva pfupi, semazuva maviri kana matatu, uye richiperekedzwa nemarwadzo ekusununguka, rinenge riri Nifaas. Uye kana rikabuda panguva yakareba mukadzi asati asusununguka, kana kuti nguva pfupi asati asununguka asi risina marwadzo ekusununguka, harisi Nifaas. Asi, ringave Haidh here inova nemitemo yeHaidh, kana kuti iropa rehurwere risingave nemitemo yeHaidh?
Panyaya iyi pane kupokana kwemaonero pakati pevane ruzivo, asi maonero akarurama ndeekuti ikoku kutevera kana kuri maererano nemaitikiro anowanzoitika pakutevera kwake; nekuti mutemo mukuru ndewekuti ropa rose rinobuda mumudzimai rinoonekwa seropa rekutevera, kunze kwekunge pava nehuchapupu hunoratidza kuti harisi. Uye muQur'an neSunnah hamuna chinodzivisa kuti mukadzi ane pamuviri atevere.
Aya ndiwo maonero aMaalik[12] naAsh-Shaafi’i[13], uye ndiyo sarudzo yaSheikh ul-Islaam Ibn Taymiyyah; akati mubhuku rake Al-Ikhtiyaaraat (p: 30): “Uye Al-Bayhaqi akazvishuma kubbva kuna Ahmad, asi akazotaura kuti Ahmad akazochinja maonero aya.” Ndipo pakaperera mashoko ake. [12] Al-Mudawwanah (1/ 155), An-Nawaadir waz-Ziyaadaat (1/ 136). [13] Ikhtilaaf Al-Fuqahaa' raAl-Marwazi (peji: 193), Al-Awsat (2/ 239).
Naizvozvo, zvinotsinhirwa mukutevera kwemukadzi ane pamuviri ndizvo zvinotsinhirwa mukutevera kwemukadzi asina pamuviri, kunze kwepanyaya mbiri:
Nyaya yekutanga: Kurambana, zvinorambidzwa kuramba mukadzi panguva yaanenge achitevera kana asina pamuviri kana ari uyo wekuti akarambwa anocherechedza nguva yeiddah (nguva yakatarwa mukadzi yaanofanira kumirira asati aroorwazve mushure mekunge muchato wapera); asi hazvirambidzwe kana ari mukadzi ane pamuviri. Nokuti kuramba mukadzi asina pamuviri panguva yekutevera kumwedzi kunopesana nemashoko aAllah vekumusoro-soro ekuti: {...saka varambei nenguva yavo yakatarwa...} [At-Talaaq:1]، Asi kana kuri kuramba mukadzi ane pamuviri panguva yaari kumwedzi, izvi hazvipesani nemutemo; nekuti uyo anoramba mukadzi ane pamuviri, anenge amuramba maererano nenguva yake yekumirira, zvisinei kuti anga achitevera kana kuti akachena; nekuti nguva yake yekumirira inoenderana nepamuviri pake. Naizvozvo, hazvirambidzwe kumurume kuramba mukadzi mushure mekunge asangana naye, kusiyana nemukadzi asina pamuviri.
Nyaya yechipiri: Ndeyekuti kutevera kwemukadzi ane pamuviri hakupedze Iddah, kusiyana nekutevera kweuyo asina pamuviri; nekuti nguva yekumirira yemukadzi ane pamuviri haipere kunze kwekunge asununguka, zvisinei kuti anotevera kana kuti kwete; nekuda kwemashoko aAllah vekumusoro-soro anoti: ﴿...uye vakadzi vane pamuviri, nguva yavo kusvikira pavanobetserwa...﴾ [At-Talaaq:4].
Chitsauko Chechitatu: Zviitiko zvinongoerekana zvaitika panguva yekutevera.
Nyaya dzinongoerekana dzaitika panguva yekutevera imhando dzakasiyana siyana:
Mhando yekutanga: Kuwedzera kana kuderedza, sekuti tsika yemukadzi ive mazuva matanhatu ekutevera, ropa robva raenderera mberi kusvika kumazuva manomwe, kana kuti tsika yake ive yekutevera mazuva manomwe, obva achena pamazuva matanhatu.
Mhando yechipiri: Kukurumidza kana kunonoka, sekuti tsika yake inenge iri yekutevera panopera mwedzi ozoona atevera pakutanga kwawo, kana kuti tsika yake inenge iri yekutevera pakutanga kwemwedzi ozoona atevera pakupera kwawo.
Vane ruzivo vakapesana pamaonero pamusoro pemutemo wemhando mbiri idzi, uye zvechokwadi ndezvekuti pose paanoona ropa anenge ave kutevera, uye pose paanochena kubva mariri anenge achena, zvisinei kuti mazuva acho awanda kupfuura aakajaira kana kuti ashomeka, uye zvisinei kuti akasika kana kuti anonoka. Uye humbowo hweizvi hwambotaurwa muchitsauko chapfuura, apo Mupi wemutemo vakabatanidza mitemo yekutevera nekuvepo kwako.
Iyi ndiyo madh'hab yaAsh-Shaafi'i[14], uye sarudzo yaSheikh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah[15], uye munyori weAl-Mughni akaisimbisa nekuitsigira achiti: "Dai tsika yaive ichitariswa nenzira yakataurwa mumadh'hab, dai Muporofita, rugare nemakomborero aAllah ngazvive pavari, akaitsanangura kuUmmah yake uye zvainge zvisingabvumidzwe kwavari kunonoka kutsanangurwa kwazvo;" nekuti hazvitenderwe kunonoka kupa tsananguro kana nguva yainodiwa yasvika, uye madzimai avo nevamwe vakadzi vanoda tsananguro yacho nguva dzose, saka vakanga vasingakwanise kuregeredza kuitsanangura. Uye Mutumwa (rugare netsitsi dzaAllah ngazvive kwavari) havana kumbotaura nezvetsika yemukadzi pakutevera kana kuitsanangura, kunze kwepanyaya yemukadzi anobuda ropa kusiri kwekumwedzi (istihaadah) chete[16]. Apa ndipo pakaperera mashoko ake. [14] Al-Umm (1/82). [15] Majmuu' Al-Fataawaa (19/238-239). [16] Al-Mughni (1/396)
Mhando yechitatu: Ruvara rweyero kana rwushava, zvekuti unoona ropa racho riri reyero semvura yemaronda, kana kuti rishava riri pakati peruvara rweyero nerutema. Saka kana ropa iri riri munguva yekutevera kana kuti rakabatanidzwa nayo mukadzi asati achena, rinotorwa sekutevera uye mitemo yekutevera inoshanda pariri. Uye kana riri kumashure kwekuchena, rinenge risiri kuetevera; nekuda kwemashoko aUmm Atiyyah (Allah ngavafare naye) ekuti: "Taisamboona ropa reyero nerishava mushure mekuchena sechinhu (chinokanganisa kuchena)." Yakashumwa naAbu Dawud neIsnaad yakasimba[17], Yakashumwa zvakare naAl-Bukhari pasina mashoko ake ekuti: (mushure mekuchena), asi akaisa musoro wechitsauko chacho achiti: Chitsauko chekubuda kweropa reyero nerishava mumazuva asiri ekutevera[18]. [17] Yakashumwa naAbu Dawud: bhuku rekuzvichenesa, chitsauko: mukadzi anoona ropa reyero nerishava mushure mekuchena, nhamba (307). [18] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku rekutevera, chitsauko cheropa reyero nerishava pamazuva asiri ekutevera, nhamba (326).
(Ibn Hajar) akati mutsananguro yake Fath al-Bari: «Neizvozvo, airatidza kukuyananiswa kwenhaurwa yaAisha yambotaurwa mumashoko ake: Kusvikira waona mvura chena», neHadeeth yaUmm 'Aṭiyyah, iyo yataurwa muchitsauko chino, inojekesa kuti izvozvo—kureva Hadeeth ya'Aishah—zvinoshanda chete kana aona ropa reyero nerishava mumazuva ekutevera. Asi kana asiri mumazuva iwayo, zvinobva zvaitwa maererano nezvakataurwa naUmm 'Aṭiyyah»[19]. [19] Fat'h al-Bari (1/ 426).
Uye hadith ya'Aishah yaakareva ndiyo yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari achiitsinhira pamberi pechitsauko chino[20], kuti vakadzi vaimutumira Durjah (chinhu chinoshandiswa nemukadzi kuti aone kana paine chakasara kubva kuropa rekutevera) iine Kursuf (donje) muine ruvara rweyero, vachibva vati: «Musachimbidze kusvikira maona mvura chena»[21]. [20] Sahih al-Bukhari (1/ 71). [21] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku rekutevera, chitsauko chekutanga nekuguma kwekutevera, pamberi pehadith nhamba (320).
Uye mvura chena imvura inosundwa nechibereko pakuguma kwekutevera.
Mhando yechina: Rudzi rwechina: kupatsanuka kwekuenda kumwedzi, zvekuti rimwe zuva anoona ropa, rimwe zuva hapana ropa (kuchena), nezvimwe zvakadaro. Izvi zvine mamiriro maviri:
Mamiriro ekutanga: Ndeekuti izvi zvinenge zviri pamukadzi nguva dzose, uye iri iropa reIstihadha rinosimbisa mutongo weIstahadha kune uyo anoriona.
Mamiriro echipiri: Kuti zvive zvinhu zvisingaenderere mberi kumukadzi nguva dzose, asi zvinouya dzimwe nguva, uye ane nguva chaiyo yekuchena. Vadzidzi vechitendero (Allah ngavavanzwire tsitsi) vakasiyana pakunzwisisa kuchena uku: kunoverengerwa sekuchena here, kana kuti mitemo yekuenda kumwedzi inoshanda pairi here?”
Saka maonero aShafi'i pamaonero ake akasimba pakati pemaonero ake maviri ndeekuti imitemo yekutevera inoshandisa pariri, saka rinova ropa rekutevera[22], uye aya ndiwo maonero akasarudzwa naSheikh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah uye nemunyori we'al-Faaiq'[23], uye ndiwo maonero aAbu Hanifah[24]. Uye izvi zvinodaro nekuti mvura chena haionekwi panguva iyi; uye nekuti dai yakatorwa senguva yekuchena, zvaireva kuti nguva iyi isati yasvika paizobuda mvura chena, pozouya kuteveri, uye hapana ane maonero iwayo. Zvikasadaro, nguva yekumirira (Iddah) yaizopera mushure memazuva mashanu; Uye nekuti dai zvakaitwa kuti ive nzira yekuchena, zvaizounza dambudziko nekuomerwa kuburikidza nekugeza muviri wese nezvimwe mazuva maviri ega ega, asi muShari'ah hamuma matambudziko. Rumbidzo yese ndeya Allah. [22] Al-Umm (1/ 83-84). [23] Yakashumwa kubva kwavari muAl-Insaaf. [24] Al-Asl (19/2-20)
Asi zvine mukurumbira mumadhab yemaHanaabilah ndezvekuti kubuda ropa kutevera uye kumira kwaro kuchena, kunze kwekunge huwandu hwazvo hwapfuura nguva yakarebesesa yekutevera, saka ropa rinopfuura nguva iyi rinova Istihaadhah[25]. [25] Al-Mughni (226/1).
Uye munyori akati muAl-Mughni: "Zvinotaridza kuti kumira kweropa, pese parinenge riri pasi pezuva rimwe chete, hakusi kuchena, zvichibva panhaurwa yandataura panyaya yeropa rinobuda mushure mekuzvara yekuti (mukadzi) haafaniri kupa hanya kune ropa rinobuda munguva isingasviki zuva rimwe. Uye izvi ndizvo zvechokwadi - In shaa Allah - nekuti ropa rinomboyerera, rozomira, uye mukuita kuti Ghusl iye yakarovekedzerwa kune uyo anochena kwechinguva diki osviba ozochena zvakare ogeza zvakare mune kuomerwa kusingadiwe; nekuda kweshoko raAllah vekumusoro-sore rekuti:" ﴿...uye havana kukuomeserai muchitendero...﴾ [Al-Hajj:78], Ibn Qudamah akati: «Naizvozvo, kumira kweropa kwenguva isingasviki zuva rimwe chete hakutorwi senguva yekuchena, kunze kwekunge mukadzi aona chiratidzo cheizvozvo, sekunge kumira kweropa kwacho kwaitika pakupera kwemazuva ake enguva dzose, kana kuti aona mvura chena inoratidza kupera kweropa»[26]. [26] Al-Mughni (1/257).
Saka shoko remunyori weMughni iri rinova repakati nepakati pemaonero maviri, uye Allah ndivo vanoziva chokwadi panyaya .
Chechishanu: Kuoma kweropa zvekuti mukadzi anongoona hunyoro chete; kana izvi zvikaitika munguva yekutevera kana kuti zvakabatana nayo mukadzi asati achena, izvi zvinotorwa sekutevera, asi kana zvikaitika mushure mekuchena, zvinenge zvisiri kutevera; nekuti mamiriro eizvi pakunyanya kwazvo anobatanidzirwa neropa reyero nerishava, uye uyu ndiwo mutongo wazvo.
Chitsauko Chechina: Imwe mitemo yekutevera
Kutevera kune mitemo yakawanda inodarika makumi maviri, tichataura kubva mairi iyo yatinofunga kuti ndiyo inonyanya kukosha, inosanganisira:
Chekutanga: Swalaah: Zvinorambidzwa kumukadzi ari kutevera kuti aite Swalaah, ingave inosungirwa kana yekuzvidira, uye haitambirwi kubva kwaari. Uye saizvozvo haasungirwe kuita Swalaah, kunze kwekunge akachena owana panguva yayo nguva inokwana kuita Raka’ah imwe yakakwana, panguva iyoyo Swalah inobva yave inosungirwa kwaari, zvisinei kuti awana nguva iyoyo pakutanga kwenguva yacho kana kuti pakuguma kwayo.
Muenzaniso weizvi kubva kwekutanga kwenguva yeSwalaah: Mudzimai anenge enda kumwedzi mushure mekunyura kwezuva, panguva inenge yakwana kuti aite Raka’ah imwe. Anofanirwa kutsiva Swalaah yeMaghrib kana achena, nekuti anenge awana nguva yayo inokwana kuita Raka’ah imwe asati atevera.
Muenzaniso weizvi kubva kwekugumisira kwenguva yeSwalaah ndewekuti: mukadzi anenge achena kubva mukutevera zuva risati rabuda panguva inokwana kuita Raka’ah imwe chete, zvinosungirwa kwaari kana azvichenesa kuti aite Swalaah yeFajr; nekuti anenge abata chikamu chenguva yayo chinokwana kuita Raka’ah imwe chete.
Asi kana mukadzi ari kutevera akawana chikamu chenguva chisingakwane kuita Raka’ah yakakwana, semuenzaniso, kuti atevere mumuenzaniso wekutanga nguva pfupi pfupi mushure mekunyura kwezuva, kana kuti achene mumuenzaniso wechipiri nguva pfupi pfupi zuva risati rabuda, zvikadaro Swaalah haisungirwe paari. Izvi zvinotsigirwa nemashoko eMuporofita, makomborero aAllah nerunyararo ngazvive pavari, anoti: «Uyo abata raka'ah yemunamato, anenge abata munamato wacho.» Hadith yakabvumiranwa (yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari naMuslim)[27], nekuti zvinoreva kuti uyo anobata zviri pasi peRaka’ah imwe, haana kubata Swalaah yacho. [27] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku renguva dzeSwalaah, chitsauko cheuyo anobata rak'ah imwe kubva muSwalaah, nhamba (580). uye Muslim: bhuku remamasjid nenzvimbo dzeSwalaah, chitsauko cheuyo anobata rak'ah imwe kubva muSwalaah anenge abata Swalaah iyoyo, nhamba (607), kubva muhadith yaAbu Hurairah, Allah ngavafare naye.
Kana mukadzi akabata Raka'ah imwe kubva munguva yeSwalah yeAsr, zvinosungirwa here paari kunamata Swalah yeŻuhr pamwechete neyeAsr, kana kuti akabata Raka'ah imwe munguva yeSwalah yeIsha'a, zvinosungirwa here paari kunamata Swalah yeMaghrib pamwechete neyeIsha'a?
Panyaya iyi pane kusiyana kwemaonero pakati pevadzidzi vechitendero, asi maonero akarurama ndeekuti anofanira kunamata chete Swalaah yaawana nguva yayo, inova Swalaah yeAsr neIsha'a chete; nekuda kwekuti Muporofita (rugare netsitsi dzaAllah ngazvive pavari) vakati: (Uyo anobata raka'ah imwe yeAsr zuva risati ranyura, anenge abata Asr.) Hadith yakabvumiranwa (yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari naMuslim)[28]. Muporofita, rugare nemakomborero aAllah ngazvive pavari, havana kuti: abata Żuhr neAsr. [28] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku renguva dzeSwalaah, chitsauko cheuyo anowana rak'ah yeFajr, nhamba (579). Uye Muslim: bhuku remamasjid nenzvimbo dzeSwalaah, chitsauko cheuyo anowana rak'ah anenge awana Salah iyoyo, nhamba (608), kubva muhadith yaAbu Hurairah, Allah ngavafare naye.
Uye Mutumwa havana kutaura nezvekusungirwa kweZuhr paari, uye mutemo mukuru nwekutanga ndewekuti munhu haana chaanosungirwa pasina humbowo. Uye aya ndiwo maonero aAbu Hanifah naMalik, akashumwa nemunyori weSharh al-Muhadhdhab kubva kwavari[29]. [29] Al-Majmuu' Sharh al-Muhadhdhab (3/ 70).
Asi kana kuri kuita Dhikr, nekuita Takbir, nekuita Tasbeeh, nekuita Tahmeed, nekutaura zita raAllah (kuti: "Bismillah") pakudya nezvimwe zvinhu, nekuverenga Hadeeth neFiqh, nekuita Du'a nekuti “Ameen” pairi, nekuteerera Qur'an, hapana chinorambidzwa kwaari pane zvese izvi, nekuti zvakatsinhirwa muSahihayn nemamwewo mabhuku. «Kuti Muporofita, rugare nemakomborero aAllah ngazvive pavari, vaizendamira pamakumbo paAisha (Allah ngavafare naye), iye achitevera, vachiverenga Qur'an.»[30]. [30] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku rekutevera, chitsauko chekuverenga kwemurume pamakumbo emukadzi wake iye achitevera, nhamba (297). Uye Muslim: bhuku rekutevera, chitsauko chekuzendamira kwemurume pamakumbo emudzimai wake achitevera uye kuverenga Qur'an, nhamba (301), kubva muhadith yaAishah (Allah ngavafare naye).
Uye muSahihain zvakare zvakaturwa kuti Umm 'Atiyyah, Allah ngavafare naye, vakanzwa Muporofita, rugare nemakomborero zvaAllah ngazvive pavari, vachiti: «Vanhukadzi vechidiki, nevakadzi vanogara mudzimba, uye nevakadzi vari kutevera ngavabude -zvinoreva: kuenda kuSwalah dzeEid mbiri- kuti vange varipo pazvakanaka pamwe nemukumbiro wevatendi, uye vakadzi vari kutevera ngavagare kure nenzvimbo yekunamatira»[31]. [31] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku rekutevera, chitsauko chekuenda kwevakadzi vari kutevera kumaEid maviri nemunyengetero wemaMuslim, uye vachizvitsaura panzvimbo yeminamato, nhamba (324). Uye Muslim: bhuku remunamato wemaEid maviri, chitsauko chekutaura nezvekubvumidzwa kwevakadzi kubuda pamaEid maviri kuenda kunzvimbo yeminamato nekuona mashoko ekuparidza (khutbah), vasiri pane varume, nhamba (890).
Asi kuverenga Qur'an kunoitwa nemukadzi ari kutevera, kana kuri kungotarisa nemaziso kana kuverenga nemumoyo pasina kutaura nerurimi, hapana chakaipa paizvozvo. Zvakafanana nekuti Mus'haf (Qur'an) kana kuti gwaro rakanyorwa zvinogona kuiswa kure naye, iye obva atarisa ndima dzacho odziiverenga nemoyo wake. An-Nawawi akati muSharh Al-Muhadhdhab: «Zvinobvumidzwa pasina kupokana»[32]. [32] Al-Majmuu' (2/ 357).
Asi kana kuverenga kwacho kuri kwekutaura mazwi nerurimi, vazhinji vevadzidzi vakati izvozvo zvinorambidzwa uye hazvibvumirwe. Uye Al-Bukhari[33] naIbn Jarir At-Tabari[34] naIbn al-Mundhir[35] vakati: "Zvinotenderwa". [33] Tarisa muSahih Al-Bukhari: bhuku rekutevera, chitsauko: mukadzi ari kutevera anoita mabasa ese eHajj kunze kweTwawaaf pamba yaA, uye Fath Al-Bari (1/ 407-408). [34] Fath al-Baari (1/ 408). [35] Al-Awsat (2/ 223).
Uye yakashumwa kubva kuna Malik naAsh-Shafi'i mune chirevo chavo chekare[36], akaishuma kubva kwavari muFath al-Baari[37]. [36] Al-Majmuu' (2/ 356). [37] Fath al-Bari (1/ 408).
Uye Al-Bukhari akataura mashoko kubva kuna Ibrahim an-Nakha'i achiti: "Hapana chakaipa pakuverenga ndima"[38]. [38] Yashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku rekutevera, chitsauko chekupedza kwemukadzi ari kutevera mabasa ese eHajj kunze kweTwawaaf paimba yaAllah, pamberi pehadith nhamba (305).
Uye Sheikh al-Islaam Ibn Taymiyyah vakati mubhuku rawo Al-Fatawa rakunganidzwa naIbn Qaasim: Kurambidza mukadzi kuverenga Qur'an hazvina humbowo muSunnah , nekuti mashoko eMutumwa anoti: «Mukadzi ari kutevera uyewo ane Janaabah haaverengi chinhu kubva muQur'an»[39] ihadith isina kusimba uye izvi nekubvumiranwa kwevazivi veHadith[40]. [39] Yakashumwa naat-Tirmidhi: zvitsauko zvekuchena, chitsauko: zvakataurwa pamusoro pemunhu ane Janaabah nemukadzi ari kutevera kuti havafaniri kuverenga Qur’an, nhamba (131). [40] Tarisa: Al-'Ilal yaat-Tirmidhi (peji: 69), As-Sunan al-Kubra yaBayhaqi (1/ 309), Al-Ahkam ash-Shar'iyyah yaIbn 'Abd al-Haqq (1/ 504), neNasb ar-Rayah raZayla'i (1/ 195).
Uye vakadzi vaitevera panguva yeMuporofita (Allah ngavavakomborere nekuvapa rugare), saka dai kuverenga (Qur'an) kwainge kwakarambidzwa kwavari sekunamata, izvi zvaizova zvimwe zvezvinhu zvakatsanangurwa neMuporofita (Allah ngavavakomborere nekuvapa rugare) kuummah yake, uye zvichidzidzwa naVanamai veVatendi, uye izvozvo zvaizova zvimwe zvezvinhu zvavaizoparidza kuvanhu. Sezvo pasina akataura mashoko anobva kuMuporofita (rugare netsitsi dzaAllah ngazvive kwavari) achirambidza izvi, hazvitenderwi kuti zvionekwe sezvisingatenderwi, tichiziva kuti haana kuzvirambidza. Uye kana asina kuzvirambidza kunyangwe hazvo kutevera kwaive kwakawanda munguva yake, zvinobva zvazivikanwa kuti hachisi chinhu chinorambidzwa»[41]. اﻫ [41] Majmuu' Al-Fataawaa (26/ 191).
Uye izvo zvinofanira kutaurwa mushure mekunge taziva kupokana kwevadzidzi ndezvekuti: Zviri nani kumukadzi ari kutevera kuti asaverenge Qur'an achitaura nemuromo wake, kunze kwekunge paine chikonzero chekudaro, sekuti kana ari mudzidzisi anoda kudzidzisa vadzidzi vechikadzi, kana kuti panguva yebvunzo mudzidzi wechikadzi anoda kuverenga pabvunzo yake, kana zvimwe zvakafanana naizvozvo.
Chepiri: Kutsanya: Hazvibvumidzwe kuti mukadzi ari kutevera atsanye, kungave kunosungirwa (Fardh) kana kwekuwedzera (Nafl), uye hakutambirwe kubva kwaari, asi zvinosungirwa paari kutsiva kutsanya kunosungirwa (kwaanosiya pamusana pekutevera) ; nekuda kweHadeeth yaAisha, Allah ngavafare naye yekuti: «Izvi zvaiitika kwatiri -kureva: kuenda kutevera- asi tairairwa kutsiva kutsanya, asi taisatorairwa kutsiva Swalaah.» Hadith yakabvumiranwa (yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari naMuslim)[42]. [42] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku rekutevera, chitsauko: mukadzi ari kutevera haatsive Swalaah, nhamba (321). Uye Muslim: bhuku rekutevera, chitsauko chekusungirwa kwemukadzi ari kutevera kutsiva kutsanya asi kwete Swalaah, nhamba (335). Uye mashoko acho ndeaMuslim.
Uye kana akatanga kutevera ari pakutsanya, kutsanya kwake kunoputsika, kunyangwe zvikaitika kanguva kadiki zuva risati ranyura, uye zvinosungirwa paari kutsiva zuva iroro kana riri zuva rakarovekedzerwa kutsanya. Asi kana mukadzi akanzwa kufamba kweropa rekutevera risati ranyura, asi richizobuda zuva ranyura, zvirokwazvo kutsanya kwake kwakakwana uye hakutyoki, maererano nemaonero akasimba evadzidzi; nekuti ropa riri mukati memuviri harina mutemo unoribata.
Uye Muporofita (Allah ngavavakomborere nekuvapa rugare) pavakabvunzwa pamusoro pemudzimai anoona muhope dzake zvinoona murume (kuzvirotera): anofanira kugeza here? Vakati: «Hongu, kana aona mvura»[43] Saka mutemo wakabanidzwa pakuonekwa kwehurume, kwete nekufamba kwaho, uye saizvozvowo, mitemo yekutevera haitsinhirwe kunze kwekunge kwaonekwa ropa rabuda, kwete nekufamba kwaro. [43] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku reruzivo, chitsauko: Kunyara muruzivo, nhamba (130). naMuslim: bhuku rekutevera, chitsauko: Kusungirwa kugeza kweMukadzi..., nhamba (313).
Uye kana nguva yeFajr ikakwana mukadzi achitevera, kutsanya kwake kwezuva iroro hakutambirwe, kunyangwe achena mushure meFajr nechinguva chidiki.
Uye kana achena nguva yeFajr isati yasvika nechinguva chidiki obva atsanya, kutsanya kwake kunotambirwa, kunyangwe asina kugeza kusvika nguva yeFajr yakwana, sezvakaita uyo ane Janaabah kana aita niyyah yekutsanya iye ane Janaabah iye asina kugeza kusvika mushure mekunge nguva yeFajr yakwana, zvirokwazvo kutsanya kwake kunotambirwa; nekuda kwenhaurwa yaAisha, Allah ngavafadzwe naye, umo akati: "Muporofita, rugare nemakomborero aAllah ngazvive pavari, vaimuka vane Janaabah kubva mukusangana nemudzimai, kwete kubva mukurota hope, pedzezvo votsanya muRamadhan." Hadith yakabvumiranwa (yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari naMuslim)[44]. [44] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku rekutsanya, chitsauko chekugeza kwemunhu akatsanya, nhamba (1931). Uye Muslim: bhuku rekutsanya, chitsauko chekutenderwa kwekutsanya kwemunhu anosvikirwa neFajr ane janaabah, nhamba (1109).
Mutemo wechitatu: Kutenderera Imba Tsvene (Twawaaf): Haatenderwi kupoterera Imba Tsvene, zvingave zvinosungirwa kana zvekuwedzera, uye hazvitambirwi kubva kwaari; asi mamwe mabasa asara akaita seSa'y pakati peSafa neMarwah, nekumira paArafah, nekurara kuMuzdalifah nekuMina, nekukanda matombo paJamaraat nezvimwewo zvemabasa eHajj neUmrah, hazvina kurambidzwa kwaari. Izvi zvinotsigirwa nemashoko eMuporofita, makomborero aAllah nerunyararo ngazvive pavari, aakataurira Aisha panguva yaakatevera kuti: (Ita zvinoitwa nemunhu ari kuita Hajj, asi usaita Twawaaf paImba yaAllah kusvika wachena) [45]. [45] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku rekutevera, chitsauko chekuita kwemukadzi ari kutevera mabasa ese eHajj kunze kweTwawaf paimba yaAllah, nhamba (305). Uye Muslim: bhuku reHajj, chitsauko chekutsanangurwa kwenzira dzeIhram, nhamba (1211).
Naizvozvo, kana mukadzi akaita Twawaaf akachena, zvadaro ropa rekutevera robva rabuda achangopedza Twawaaf, kana kuti ari pakati pekuita Sa’y, hapana chakaipa mune izvozvo.
Chechina: Kubviswa kweTwawaaf yekuonekana kwaari: Kana munhukadzi apedza mabasa eHajj neUmrah, obva atanga kutevera asati adzokera kunyika yake, uye kutevera koramba kuchienderera mberi kusvika panguva yekubuda kwake muMakkah, zvirokwazvo anobuda pasina kuita Twawaaf yekuonekana. Nekuda kwenhaurwa yaIbn Abbas, Allah ngavafara naye nababa vake, akataura kuti: Vanhu vakarairwa kuti chiito chavo chekupedzisira chive (kutenderera) paImba yaAllah, kunze kwekuti zvakarerutsirwa mudzimai ari kutevera. [Hadith yakabvumiranwa (yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari naMuslim)][46]. [46] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku reHajj, chitsauko cheTwawaaf yekuonekana, nhamba (1755), uye Muslim: bhuku reHajj, chitsauko chekusungirwa kweTawaf yekuonekana nekubviswa kwayo kune ari kutevera, nhamba (1328).
Hazvikurudzirwi kumukadzi ari kutevera panguva yekuonekana kuti auye kugonhi reMasjid Al-Haram oita dua; nekuti izvozvo hazvina kutaurwa kubva kuMuporofita (makomborero nerugare ngazvive pavari), uye mabasa ekunamata anotorwa kubva zvakashumwa (muQur'an nemuSunnah). Asi, zvakabva kuMuporofita (rugare netsitsi dzaAllah ngazvive kwavari) zvinopesana neizvozvo, nekuti munyaya yaSafiyyah (Allah ngavafare naye) paakatevera mushure meTwawaf al-Ifadhah, Muporofita (rugare netsitsi dzaAllah ngazvive kwavari) vakati kwaari: «Saka enda.» Hadith yakabvumiranwa (yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari naMuslim)[47] [47] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku reHajj, chitsauko: kana mukadzi atevera mushure mekunge aita Twawaaf al-Ifadhah, nhamba (1757). uye Muslim: bhuku reHajj, chitsauko chekusungirwa kweTwawaaf al-Wada', nhamba (1211).
Uye havana kuraira kuti munhu auye pamusuwo wemasjid, uye dai izvozvo zvaive zvakatarwa vangadai vakazvijekesa. Asi kana iri Twawaaf yeHajj neUmrah, haibvumirwe kuti aisiye, asi anoita Twawaaf paanenge achena.
Mutemo weChishanu: Kugara muMasjid: Zvinorambidzwa kumukadzi ari kutevera kuti agare muMasjid, kana nzvimbo inonamatirwa Swalaah yeEid zvinorambidzwa kwaari kuti agaremo, nekuda kwenhaurwa yaUmm Atiyyah, Allah ngavafare naye, yekuti vakanzwa Muporofita, rugare nemakomborero aAllah ngazvive pavari, achiti: «Mhandara, vakadzi vanogara vakavanzika mudzimba, pamwe nevakadzi vari kutevera vanobuda». Uye hadith iyi inozoti: «Vakadzi vari kutevera ngavarege kuswedera panzvimbo yemunamato». Hadith yakabvumiranwa (yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari naMuslim)[48]. [48] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku rekutevera, chitsauko chekuenda kwevakadzi vari kutevera kumaEid maviri nemuminyengetero yemaMuslim, uye kuti vanofanira kusaenda panzvimbo yekunamatira (Musalla), nhamba (324), uye Muslim: bhuku remunamato wemaEid maviri, chitsauko chekubvumidzwa kwekubuda kwevakadzi pamaEid maviri kuenda kunzvimbo yekunamatira uye kuteerera khutbah, vakaparadzana nevarume, nhamba (890).
Mutemo Wechitanhatu: Kusangana pabonde: Hazvitenderwi kumurume wake kuti asangane naye pabonde, uye naiyewo haatenderwi kumupa mukana wekudaro; nekuda kweshoko raAllah, vari kumusoro-soro rekuti: {Uye vanokubvunza nezvekutevera; iti chinhu chinokuvadza, saka garai kure nevakadzi panguva yekuenda kumwedzi, uye musaswedere pedyo navo kusvikira vachena...} [Al-Baqarah:222]، Uye zvinorehwa nezwi rekuti "al-mahidh" riri mundima yeQur'an iyi inguva yekutevera nenzvimbo yacho, iyo inova nhengo yesikarudzi. Uye nekuti Muporofita (rugare netsitsi dza Allah ngazvive kwavari) vakati: «Itayi zvinhu zvese kunze kwekusangana pabonde». zvinoreva: kurara nemukadzi. Yakashumwa naMuslim[49]. Uye nekuti maMuslim vese vakabvumirana kuti zvakarambidzwa kusangana nemukadzi ari kumwedzi munhengo yake yesikarudzi. [49] Yakashumwa naMuslim: bhuku rekutevera, chitsauko: kubvumirwa kwemukadzi ari kutevera kuti agezesa musoro wemurume wake, nhamba (302).
Saka hazvitenderwi kumunhu anotenda muna Allah neZuva reKupedzisira kuti aite chiito ichi chakaipa chakarambidzwa zvinoratidzwa neBhuku raAllah vari kumusoro-soro, neSunnah yeMutumwa wavo (rugare nemakomborero zvaAllah ngazvive kwavari), uye nechibvumirano chemaMuslim, zvekuti anova mumwe weavo vanopikisa Allah neMutumwa wavo, uye otevera imwe nzira isiri yevatendi. Munyori akataura mubhuku Al-Majmu’ Sharh al-Muhadhdhab (peji: 374, chikamu 2) kuti: Ash-Shaafi’i, Allah ngavamunzwire tsitsi, akati: «Ani nani anoita izvozvo, zvirokwazvo anoita chivi chikuru». Vadzidzi vedu nevamwe kunze kwavo vakati: «Ani nani anoona kuti zvinotenderwa kusangana nemukadzi ari kutevera, anotongwa kuti aita mabasa ekusatenda». Ndipo pakapera mashoko aAn-Nawawi.
Uye zvakabvumidzwa kwaari - uye rumbidzo ngaive kuna Allah - izvo zvinoderedza havi yepabonde zvisiri zvekusangana pabonde, sekutsvoda, kumbundirana, uye kubatana kwemuviri pane zvisiri panhengo dzesikarudzi. Asi zvirinani kuti asabate nzvimbo iri pakati peguvhu nemabvi kunze kwekunge pane chidziviriro; nekuti Aisha, Allah ngavafadzwe naye, akati: "Muporofita (Allah ngavavakomborere nekuvapa rugare) vaindiudza kuti ndisunge jira, vobva vandimbundira ndiri panguva yangu yekutevera." Hadith yakabvumiranwa (yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari naMuslim)[50]. [50] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku rekutevera, chitsauko chekubata mukadzi ari kutevera, nhamba (301). Uye Muslim: bhuku rerekutevera, chitsauko chekubata mukadzi ari kutevera pamusoro peizaar, nhamba (293).
Mutemo wechinomwe: Kurambana: Hazvitenderwe kumurume kuti arambe mukadzi wake paanenge ari kutevera; nekuda kwekutaura kwavo Allah (kukudzwa ngakuve kwavari) kuti: ﴿Imi Muporofita! Kana maramba vakadzi, varambei kuti vatange nguva yavo yekumirira...﴾ [Al-Talaaq:1] Kureva kuti: Mumamiriro ekuti ivo [vakadzi] vanotanga nguva yekumirira inozivikanwa (Iddah) panguva yekurambana; uye izvi hazviitike kunze kwekunge amuramba akazvitakura, kana kuti akachena (asiri kutevera) uye vasina kusangana pabonde panguva iyoyo; nekuti kana akarambwa ari panguva yekutevera kumwedzi, haatangi kuverenga Iddah, sezvo kutevera kwaanenge arambwa achiita kusingaverengwi muIddah. Uye kana akarambwa akachena mushure mekusangana pabonde, Iddah yaanofanira kutanga haizivikanwi, nekuti hazvizivikanwi kana akabata pamuviri here kubva mukusangana uku, kuti Iddah yake ive yekuzvitakura, kana kuti haana, kuti ive yekuenda kumwedzi. Saka, kana kujeka kusipo maererano nerudzi rwenguva yekumirira, zvinorambidzwa kwaari kuramba mukadzi kusvikira nyaya yacho yajeka.
Saka, kuramba mukadzi panguva yaanenge achitevera zvinorambidzwa nekuda kwendima yemuQur'an yandambotaura; uye nekuda kwezvakatsinhirwa mumaSahih maviri nemamwe mabhuku kubva mumashoko aIbn Umar, kuti akaramba mudzimai wake munguva yake yekutevera, Umar ndokuudza Muporofita (rugare nemakomborero aAllah ngazvive kwavari) nezvazvo, Mutumwa waAllah (Allah ngavavakomborere nekuvapa rugare) vakabva vashatirwa nazvo, uye vakati: «Muraire kuti amudzose, ozomuchengeta kusvikira achena, ozotevera, ozochena zvakare. Zvadaro, kana achida, anogona kuramba ainaye, uye kana achida, anogona kumuramba asati asangana naye. Nekuti iyo ndiyo Iddah yakarairwa naAllah kuti vakadzi varambwe maererano nayo»[51].
Kana murume akaramba mukadzi wake ari kumwedzi, anenge aita chitadzo, uye zvinosungirwa paari kuti atendeuke kuna Allah, uye adzose mukadzi wacho kumuchato wake kuti azomuramba kuramba kunotenderwa nemutemo wechitendero, kunoenderana nemurairo waAllah neMutumwa wavo. Anobva amurega mushure mekunge amudzosera kusvikira achena kubva pakutevera kwaakamurambira ari, zvadaro otevera kechipiri. Zvadaro, paanenge achena, kana achida anomuchengeta, uye kana achida anomuramba asati asangana naye pabonde. [51] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku reTalaq, nhamba (5251). naMuslim: bhuku reTalaq, chitsauko: Kurambidzwa kwekuramba mukadzi ari kutevera pasina mvumo yake, uye kuti kana akapikisa kurambana kunoitika, uye anorairwa kuti amudzose, nhamba (1471), kubva kuHadith yaIbn Umar (Allah ngavafare naye nababa vake).
Uye pakurambidzwa kwekurambana panguva yekutevera panobviswa nyaya nhatu:
Yekutanga: Kana kurambana kwaitika asati ambosara naye vari vega, kana kumubata, hapana chakaipa kuti amurambe iye achimutevera; nekuti anenge asina nguva yekumirira panguva iyoyo, saka kumuramba hakupesane; nemashoko aAllah vekumusoro-soro ekuti: ﴿...saka varambei panguva yavo yakatarwa...﴾ [At-Talaaq:1].
Yechipiri: Kana kutevera kukaitika panguva yekuzvitakura, uye chikonzero cheizvi chakambotsanangurwa.
Yechitatu: Kana kuri kurambana kwemuripo, hapana chakaipa kuti amurambe ari panguva yake yekutevera.
Sokuti kana pakati pemurume nemukadzi paine kusawirirana nekugarisana zvisina kunaka, murume otora muripo kuti amurambe, zvinotenderwa kunyange achitevera; pamusana pehadith yaIbn Abbas, Allah ngavafare naye iye nababa vake, inoti mudzimai waThaabit bin Qais bin Shammaas akauya kuMuporofita, rugare nemakomborero aAllah ngazvive pavari, ndokuti: “Mutumwa waAllah, ini handimupomere mhosva pahunhu hwake kana pachitendero chake, asi ndinovenga kusatenda ndiri muIslam.” Muporofita, rugare nemakomborero aAllah ngazvive pavari, vakati: «Unomudzorera here bindu rake?» Akati: "Hongu." Uye Mutumwa waAllah, rugare nemakomborero aAllah ngazvive pavari, vakati: «Gamuchira bindu uye umurambe kamwechete.» Yakashumwa naBukhari, nhamba (52).
Uye Muporofita (Allah ngavavakomborere nekuvapa rugare) havana kubvunza kuti aiva kumwedzi here kana kuti akanga akachena. Uyezve kurambana uku imhando yekuzvidzikinura kwemukadzi, saka zvakabvumidzwa kana zvichidiwa, zvisinei nemamiriro anenge ane mudzimai. [52] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku rekurambana, chitsauko cheKhul' (kurambana kunotangwa nemukadzi nemaitirwo ekurambana pazviri, nhamba (5273), kubva muhadith yaIbn Abbas, Allah ngavafare navo vese.
Munyori weAl-Mughni achipa chikonzero chekubvumidzwa kweKhul’ panguva yekutevera akati (peji: 52, vhorumu 7, chinyorwa m): «Nekuti kurambidzwa kwekurambana panguva yekutevera kwakavepo nekuda kwekukuvadzwa kunomuwana nekuda kwekureba kweIddah, asi Khul’ iri yekubvisa kukuvadzwa kunomuwana nekuda kwekugarisana kwakaipa uye kugara nemunhu waanovenga newaasingadi. Uye kukuvadzwa uku kukuru kudarika kukuvadzwa kwekureba kweIddah, saka zvinotenderwa kubvisa kukuvadzwa kukuru nekugamuchira kudiki kwacho; nekuda kwaizvozvo Muporofita (rugare nemakomborero aAllah ngazvive pavari) havana kubvunza mukadzi aikumbira Khul’ nezvemamiriro ake». Ndiwo magumo emashoko avo.
Asi hapana chakaipa pane kuroora mukadzi iye ari panguva yake yekutevera nekuti musimboti wacho ndewekuti zvinotenderwa, uye hapana humbowo hunorambidza izvozvo. Asi kuti murume aende kwaari iye ari panguva yake yekutevera, izvozvo zvinotariswa: kana zvisingatyirwe kuti anosangana naye pabonde, hapana chakaipa. Asi kana zvisina kudaro, haatenderwi kuenda kwaari kusvika achena, nekutya kuwira mune zvakarambidzwa.
Mutemo Wechisere ndewekuti Iddah yekurambana inoverengwa kuburikidza nekutevera, saka kana murume aramba mukadzi wake apedza kusangana naye, zvinosungirwa kwaari kuti atevedzere Iddah yekuenda kumwedzi katatu kakakwana, kana ari mumwe weavo vanoenda kumwedzi, uye asina pamuviri; nekuda kwekutaura kwavo Allah vekumusoro-soro kuti: {Uye vakadzi vakarambwa ngavazvichengete kusvika vatevera katatu...} [Al-Baqarah:228]، Kureva kuti: nguva nhatu dzekutevera. Kana ane pamuviri, nguva yake yekumirira (asati awanikwa) inoguma paanopedza kusununguka, zvisinei kuti nguva yacho yakareba here kana kuti ipfupi; nekuti Allah vekumusoro-soro vakati: ﴿...Uye vakadzi vane pamuviri, nguva yavo inopera pavanosununguka...﴾ [At-Talaaq:4], Uye kana ari mumwe wevakadzi vasingateveri, semusikana mudiki asati atanga kutevera, uye mukadzi asingachateveri kwekuchembera, kana kuti akavhiyiwa akabviswa chibereko chake, kana nezvimwe zvikonzero zvisingatarisirwi kuti angazodzokera pakutevera, nguva yake yekumirira mwedzi mitatu; nekuda kweshoko raAllah vekumusoro-soro ekuti: {Uye vakadzi venyu avo vaguma kuenda kumwedzi, kana musingagutsikani, nguva yavo yekumirira mwedzi mitatu, uye neavo vasingaende kumwedzi...} [At-Talaaq:4], Uye kana ari mumwe wevakadzi vanoenda kumwedzi asi kuenda kumwedzi kwake kwamira nechikonzero chinozivikanwa sehurwere kana kuyamwisa, zvirokwazvo, anoramba ari mu'Iddah kunyangwe nguva ikareba, kusvikira ave kuenda kumwedzi, obva averenga 'Iddah yake kubva ipapo. Kana chikonzero chapera, zvingava nekupora kubva kuhurwere kana kupedza kuyamwisa, uye kuenda kumwedzi kukaramba kusipo, zvirokwazvo anomirira kwegore rizere kubva panguva iyo yapera chikonzero. Uye aya ndiwo maonero akarurama, anoenderana nenheyo dzemutemo wechitendero. Zvirokwazvo, kana chikonzero chapera uye kuenda kumwedzi kukasadzoka, mukadzi uyu anenge afanana neuyo asingachaende kumwedzi pasina chikonzero chinozivikanwa. Uye kana kuenda kumwedzi kwake kwamira pasina chikonzero chinozivikanwa, zvirokwazvo anoita `Iddah` kwegore rose: mwedzi mipfumbamwe yekuitira kuona kuti haana pamuviri here, nekuda kwekuti ndiyo nguva inowanzokwana yekutakura pamuviri, nemwedzi mitatu ye`Iddah`.
Asi kana akarambwa mushure mekuwanikwa, asi asati asangana pabonde nemurume kana kuva pakavandika vari voga, hapana `iddah` zvachose yanoomira, zvisinei kuti inotarwa nekuenda kumwedzi kana neimwe nzira; nekuda kwekuti Allah vari kumusoro-soro vakati: ﴿Imi vatendi! Kana mawana vakadzi vatendi mobva mavaramba musati masangana navo pabonde, hapana ‘iddah yakatarwa yamunovaverengara...﴾ [Al-Ahzaab:49].
Mutemo wechipfumbamwe: Mutemo wekuchena kwechibereko, kureva kuti, kusava kwacho nepamuviri. Uye mutemo uyu unodiwa pose panenge pachidiwa kutsinhira kuchena kwechibereko, uye une nyaya dzawo:
Imwe chacho ndeyekuti: Kana munhu akafa akasiya mukadzi ane pamuviri unogona kugamuchira nhaka yake, uye mukadzi uyu aine murume, murume wake haafaniri kurara naye kusvikira aenda kumwedzi kana kuti zvazivikanwa kuti ane pamuviri.Kana zvazivikanwa kuti ane pamuviri, tinotonga kuti mwana ari mudumbu anogamuchira nhaka, nokuti tinofunga kuti aivapo panguva yakafa munhu waanogarwa nhaka.Asi kana akaenda kumwedzi, tinotonga kuti hapana nhaka kumwana, nokuti tinobata kuti dumbu harina pamuviri sezvo aenda kumwedzi.
Mutemo wechigumi: Kusungirwa kweGhusl: zvinosungirwa kumukadzi ari kumwedzi, kana achena, kuti aite Ghusl nekuchenesa muviri wese; Izvi zvinotsigirwa nemashoko eMuporofita, makomborero aAllah nerugare ngazvive pavari, avo vakati kuna Fatima bint Abi Hubaysh: «Kana nguva yekuenda kumwedzi yasvika, siya Swalaah, uye kana yapera, geza wonamata». [53] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari.
Chidiki-diki chinomanikidzirwa paGhusl ndechekuti munhu ageze muviri wake wese, kusvikira nepasi pevhudzi, uye zviri nani ndezvekuti zviitwe nenzira yakauya muHadith kubva kuMuporofita, rugare nemakomborero aAllah ngazvive pavari, apo Asmaa bint Shakal aakavabvunza maererano nekugeza kana munhu abva kumwedzi, vakabva vati, rugare nemakomborero aAllah ngazvive pavari: "Mumwe wenyu ngaatore mvura yake nemashizha ake ehapa, ozvichenura, ochenura zvakanaka kwazvo. Zvadaro, odira mvura pamusoro wake okwiza zvakasimba, kusvikira yasvika mumidzi yebvudzi rake. Obva adira mvura pamusoro pake. Zvadaro, otora kachidimbu kejira kakaiswa zvinonhuwirira zveMisk, ozvichenura nako," Zvino Asma akati: "Anozvichenesa sei nazvo?", ndokubva vati: «Kukudzwa ngakuve kuna Allah!» Zvino Aisha vakati kwaari: unotevera masara ropa uchipukuta. [Yakashumwa naMuslim][54]. [53] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku rekutevera, chitsauko chekutanga nekuguma kwekutevera, nhamba (320), uye Muslim: bhuku rekutevera, chitsauko chemukadzi anoita istahaadhah nekugeza kwake neSwalaah yake, nhamba (333), kubva muhadith yaAisha Allah ngavafare naye.
Hazvimanikidzirwe kupetenura bvudzi remusoro, kunze kwekunge rakasungwa zvakasimba zvekuti panotyirwa kuti mvura haizosviki kumidzi yaro; nekuti zviri muSwahih Muslim muhadith yaUmm Salama, Allah ngavafare naye, kuti akabvunza Muporofita, makomborero nerugare zvaAllah ngazvive kwavari, akati: "Ini ndiri mukadzi anoruka bvudzi rangu; ndorisunungura here pakugeza kweJanābah?" Uye imwe nhaurwa yakati: "panguva yekugeza pakupedza kutevera neJanābah?" Vakati: «Kwete, zvinongokukwanira kuti udire mvura yeruoko pamusoro pako katatu, wobva wazvidira mvura, wozova wachena»[55]. [54] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku rekutevera, chitsauko: kugeza kubva kutevera, nhamba (315), naMuslim: bhuku rekutevera, chitsauko: kunaka kwekuti mukadzi anenge achigeza kubva pakutevera ashandise chidimbu chedonje chine misk kupukuta panzvimbo pane ropa, nhamba (332), kubva muhadith yaAisha, Allah ngavafare naye.
Uye kana mukadzi achena kubva panguva yake yekumwedzi panguva yeSwalah, zvinosungirwa paari kuti akurumidze kugeza kuti akwanise kuita Swalah panguva yayo. Kana ari parwendo uye asina mvura, kana kuti ane mvura asi achitya kukuvadzwa nekuishandisa, kana kuti ari kurwara uye mvura ichimukuvadza, anoita Tayammum pachinzvimbo chekugeza kusvikira chimhingamupini chapera, ozogeza. [55] Yakashumwa naMuslim: bhuku rekutevera, chitsauko: mutongo wevhudzi rakarukwa remunhu ari kugeza, nhamba (330), kubva muhadith yaUmm Salamah Allah ngavafare naye.
Mamwe vakadzi anochena panguva yeSwalaah, asi vanonoka kugeza ipapo vozogeza yava nguva yeimwe Swalaah, vachiti hazvigoneke kwavari kuti vazvichenese zvakakwana panguva iyi; asi uhuw hauzi humbowo chikonzero chinogamuchirwa; Nekuti anogona kuita zvinosungirwa chete pakuita Ghusl, oita Swalaah panguva yayo, zvadaro kana awana nguva yakawanda, ozozvichenesa zvizere.
Chitsauko Chechishanu: Istihaadhah neMitemo yayo
Istihaadah: ndiko kuenderera mberi kwekubuda kweropa kumukadzi, zvekuti harimboperi zvachose kana kuti rinomira kwenguva diki, sezuva rimwe kana maviri pamwedzi.
Humbowo hwemamiriro ekutanga, apo ropa risingagumi zvachose, inhaurwa yakatsinhirwa muSahih al-Bukhaari kubva kuna Aishah, Allah ngavafare naye, akati: Fatimah bint Abi Hubaysh akati kuMutumwa waAllah, rugare nemakomborero aAllah ngazvive pavari: "Imi Mutumwa waAllah, chokwadi ini handisi kuchena." Uye imwe nhaurwa inoti: "Ndinoramba ndichibuda ropa, saka handicheni"[56].
Uye humbowo hwemamiriro echipiri, apo ropa risingamiri kubuda kunze kwekanguva kadiki, iHadith yaḤamnah bint Jaḥsh, paakauya kuMuporofita (rugare nemakomborero aAllah ngazvive pavari) ndokubva ati: "Imi mutumwa waAllah, ini ndiri kubuda ropa rakawanda uye zvakasimba." [Hadith iyi.. Yakashumwa naAhmad, Abu Dawud, naTirmidhi[57], uye akaisimbisa kuti ndeyechokwadi (Sahih), uye akashuma kubva kuna Imam Ahmad kuti akaisimbisawo, uye kubva kuna Al-Bukhari kuti akati yakanaka (Hasan)][58]. [56] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku rewudhu, chitsauko: kugeza ropa, nhamba (228), naMuslim: bhuku rekutevera, chitsauko: pamusoro pemukadzi ari kuita istahaadhah nekugeza kwake neSwalaah yake, nhamba (333), kubva muhadith yaAisha, Allah ngavafare naye.
Mamiriro eIstihaadhah:
[57] Yakashumwa naAhmad (6/ 349), naAbu Dawud: bhuku rekuchena, chitsauko cheanoti kana aenda mwedzi anosiya Swalazh, nhamba (287), naTirmidhi: zvitsauko zvekuchena, chitsauko chemukadzi anobuda ropa risiri rekumwedzi (mustahadha) kuti anokwanisa kubatanidza Swalaah mbiri neghusl imwechete, nhamba (128), kubva muhadith yaHamnah bint Jahsh (Allah ngavafare navo). [58] Sunan At-Tirmidhi: zvitsauko zvekuchena, chitsauko pamusoro peMustahadha achibatanidza Swalah mbiri neGhusl imwe, shure kweHadith nhamba (128).
Mudzimai ari muIstihaadhah ane mamiriro matatu:
Mamiriro ekutanga: Ndeekuti anenge aine nguva yekutevera inozivikanwa Istihaahdah isati yatanga, saka uyu anodzokera kunguva yake yekutevera iyoyo yaanoziva, oitora sekutevera uye anotevedzera mitemo yekutevera. Uye imwe nguva isiri iyoyo iIstihadah, uye anotevedzera mitemo yeMustahadhah.
Muenzaniso weizvozvo ndewekuti, mukadzi aitevera kwemazuva matanhatu kubva pakutanga kwemwedzi wega wega, zvadaro anobva aita Istiḥāḍah, zvoita kuti ropa rake ribude risingamire. Nokudaro, nguva yake yekuenda kumwedzi inenge iri mazuva matanhatu kubva pakutanga kwemwedzi wega wega, uye mamwe mazuva ose anenge ava Istiḥāḍah; nekuda kwehadith yaAisha (Allah ngavafare naye) yekuti Fatimah mwanasikana waAbi Hubaysh akati: “Imi Mutumwa waAllah, ini ndinogara ndichibuda ropa zvekuti handicheni, zvino ndorega kuita Swalah here?” Vakati: «Aihwa, irori ropa remutsinga, asi rega Swalaah kwehuwandu hwemazuva awanga uchienda kumwedzi, wozogeza wonamata». Yakashumwa naBukhari[59].
Uye muSahih Muslim, Muporofita, rugare nemakomborero aAllah ngazvive pavari, vakati kuna Umm Habibah bint Jahsh: (Rega kunamata kwenguva yaiwanzotora senguva yako yekutevera, wozogeza wonamata)[60]. [59] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku rekutevera, chitsauko chekutevera, uye nekutambirwa kwezvinotaurwa nevakadzi panyaya yekutevera nekuita pamuviri, pazvinogona kuva kuteverai, nhamba (325), kubva muhadith yaAisha, Allah ngavafare naye.
Naizvozvo, mukadzi anenge achibuda ropa risiri renguva yake yekutevera asi achiziva nguva yake yekumwedzi, anomirira kwemazuva enguva yake iyoyo, obva ageza onamata, uye haafaniri kuva nehanya neropa rinobuda shure kwaizvozvo. [60] Yakashumwa naMuslim: bhuku rekutevera, chitsauko chemustahadha nekugeza kwake nemunamato wake, nhamba (334), kubva muhadith yaAisha, Allah ngavafare naye.
Mamiriro echipiri: Ndeekuti anenge asina nguva yekutevera inozivikanwa Istihadhah isati yatanga , zvekuti Istihadhah inenge ichingoramba ichibuda paari kubva paakatanga kuona ropa kekutanga. Saka uyu anoshandisa kusiyana kweropa, zvekuti kutevera kwake kunenge kune ropa rakasiyana nerimwe nekusviba kwaro, kana kukora kwaro, kana kunhuwa kwaro, uye rinotora mitemo yekutevera. Uye rimwe rose risiri iroro iIstihadhah, uye rinotora mitemo yeIstihadhah.
Muenzaniso weizvozvo mukadzi anoona ropa kekutanga, uye rinoramba richibuda maari, asi anoriona riri dema kwemazuva gumi uye mazuva asara emwedzi riri dzvuku, kana kuti anoriona rakakora kwemazuva gumi uye mazuva asara emwedzi riri dete, kana kuti anoriona kwemazuva gumi riine kunhuwa kwekutevera uye mazuva asara emwedzi risina kunhuwa. Saka kutevera kwake iropa dema riri mumuezaniso wekutanga, nerakakora riri mumuezaniso wechipiri, uye rine kunhuwa riri mumuezaniso wechitatu. Uye zvisiri izvozvo iIstihadhah; nekuti Muporofita (rugare nemakomborero aAllah ngazvive kwavari) vakati kuna Fatimah bint Abi Hubaysh: «Kana riri ropa rekuenda kumwedzi, rinenge riri dema rinozivikanwa. Kana zvikadaro, chirega kuita Swalaah. Asi kana riri rimwe racho, ita Wudhu woita Swalaah; nokuti rinenge ringori ropa rinobva mutsinga». [61] Yakashumwa naAbu Dawud naNasaa’i, uye yakanzi yakarurama naIbn Hibbaan naAl-Haakim.
Uye Hadith iyi, kunyangwe hazvo musanad yayo nemumatn (mashoko) muine pasina kusimba, vadzidzi vakashanda nayo (Allah ngavave netsitsi navo), uye iri nani pane kuti mukadzi atevere tsika yevakadzi vazhinji pakutevera. [61] Yakashumwa na Abu Dawud: bhuku rekuchena, chitsauko: cheuyo anoti kana kuenda kumwedzi kwatanga anosiya Swalaah, nhamba (286), uye naNasaa’i: bhuku rekuchena, chitsauko: zvakataurwa pamusoro pemukadzi anobuda ropa risiri rekuenda kumwedzi uyo anoziva mazuva ake ekuenda kumwedzi, ropa risati raramba richibuda, nhamba (211), uye naIbn Maajah: bhuku rekuchena nemaitiro ako, chitsauko: zvakataurwa pamusoro pemukadzi anobuda ropa risiri rekuenda kumwedzi uyo anoziva mazuva ake ekuenda kumwedzi, ropa risati raramba richibuda, nhamba (620), uye naIbn Hibban mubhuku rake Asw-Swahih (1348), uye naAl-Haakim mubhuku rake Al-Mustadrak (618), hadith yaAisha (Allah ngavafare navo).
Mamiriro echitatu: Ndeekuti anenge asina kubuda ropa rekumwedzi rinozivikanwa, uye pasina nzira inoshanda yekusiyanisa ropa racho; zvekuti Istihaadhah inenge ichingoenderera mberi kubva paakatanga kuona ropa, uye ropa racho riine chimiro chimwe chete kana kuti zvimiro zvakasiyana-siyana zvisina kugadzikana zvisingagone kuti rive ropa rekumwedzi, nazizvozvo uyu anoita zvinoenderana netsika yevakadzi vazhinjisa pakutevera, nokudaro kuenda kwake kumwedzi kunova kwemazuva matanhatu kana manomwe pamwedzi wega wega, kutanga kubva panguva yekutanga yaakaona ropa; uye zvese zvinopfuura izvozvo iIstihadhah.
Muenzaniso weizvi ndewekuti aone ropa richitanga kubuda pazuva rechishanu remwedzi, rikaramba richibuda risina musiyano unoratidza kuti nderekuenda kumwedzi, zvingave paruvara kana nechimwe chinhu; saka kuenda kwake kumwedzi kwemwedzi wega wega kuchava mazuva matanhatu kana manomwe, kunotanga kubva pazuva rechishanu remwedzi wega wega. Nekuti Hamnah bint Jahsh (Allah ngavafare naye) akati: “Imi Mutumwa waAllah, zvirokwazvo ndinobuda ropa rakawanda uye rakanyanya zvisingaperi, saka munoona sei panyaya iyi? Zvinonditadzisa kuita Swalaah nekutsanya.” Mutumwa waAllah (Allah ngavavakomborere nekuvapa rugare) vakabva vati: «Ndinokuraira kushandisa Kursuf (rinova donje), raunoisa panhengo yako yakavandika, nekuti rinobvisa ropa», Akati: rakawanda kudarika izvozvo. Uye muhadeeth iyoyo vakati: «Zvirokwazvo, uku ndekumwe kukonzeresa kunobva kuna Shaytwan, saka verenga mazuva matanhatu kana manomwe seenguva yako yekuenda kumwedzi, muruzivo rwaAllah, vari kumusorosoro, wobva wageza (ita Ghusl), uye kana waona kuti wachena woita Swalaah kwehusiku makumi maviri nemana kana kuti makumi maviri nenhatu nemazuva ahwo, uye wotsanya»." [Yakashumwa naAhmad, Abu Dawud, naTirmidhi, uye akati ndeyechokwadi (Sahih)[62], uye zvakashumwa kubva kuna Ahmad kuti akati ndeyechokwadi (Sahih), uye kubva kuna Al-Bukhari kuti akati yakanaka (Hasan)][63].
Uye kutaura kwake Muporofita (rugare netsitsi dzaAllah ngazvive kwavari) ekuti: «Mazuva matanhatu kana manomwe» hakusi kwekusarudza, asi kuti ndezvekushandisa njere pakuongorora. Saka anofanira kuongorora izvo zviri pedyo nemamiriro ake achizvienzanisa neavo vaanofanana naye pamaumbirwo, vari pedyo naye pazera nehukama, uye oongororawo izvo zviri pedyo nekuva ropa rekuenda kumwedzi kubva muropa rake, nezvimwe zvakafanana naizvozvo zvinofanira kutariswa. Kana ari pedyo nekuva matanhatu, anotora mazuva matanhatu senguva yake yekutevera, uye kana ari pedyo nekuva manomwe, anotora mazuva manomwe senguva yake yekutevera. [62] Yakashumwa naAhmad (6/ 439), naAbu Dawud: bhuku rekuchena, chitsauko: Uyo anoti kutevera kukatanga anosiya Swalaah (287), naAt-Tirmidhi: zvitsauko zvekuchena, chitsauko: pamusoro peMustahadha (mukadzi anobuda ropa zvisiri zvenguva yake) kuti anobatanidza Swalaah mbiri neghusl imwe chete, nhamba (128), kubva muhadith yaHamnah bint Jahsh (Allah ngavafare naye). [63] Sunan At-Tirmidhi: zvitsauko zvekuchena, chitsauko: pamusoro peMustahadha kuti anobatanidza Swalaah mbiri neGhusl imwe, shure kwehadith nhamba (128).
Mamiriro euyo anofanana naAl-Mustahaadhah:
Pamwe mukadzi anogona kuva nechikonzero chinoiita kubuda ropa munhengo yake yesikarudzi, sekuvhiyiwa muchibereko kana imwevo nzvimbo, uye kubuda ropa uku kune mhando mbiri:
Rudzi rwekutanga: Nderwekuti pazivikanwe kuti haachakwanisi kuenda kumwedzi mushure mekuvhiyiwa, sekunge kuvhiyiwa kwacho kukave kwekubviswa kwechibereko chose kana kuchivhara zvekuti hapana ropa rinobuda machiri. Mudzimai uyu haatevedzeri mitemo yeMustahadhah, asi mutemo wake wakafanana neweuyo anoona ropa reyero kana rishava, kana hunyoro mushure mekuchena. Haafanire kusiya Swalaah kana kutsanya, uye kurara naye hakurambidzwi, uye Ghusl haisungirwi nekuda kweropa iri. Asi panguva yeSwalaah, zvinosungirwa paari kuti ageze ropa racho, uye asunge jira kana chimwe chinhu chakadaro panhengo yake yesikarudzi kudzivirira kubuda kweropa. Ozobva aita Wudhu yeSwalaah, uye haaiti Wudhu yacho kunze kwekunge nguva yaSwalaah yakwana, kana iine nguva yakatarwa seSwalaah shanu. Kana zvisina kudaro, anoita Wudhu paanenge achida kuita Swalaah, sepaSwalaah dzeNawafil dzisina nguva yakatarwa.
Mhando yechipiri: Ndeyekuti kana zvisingazivikanwe kuti kuenda kwake kumwedzi kwamira mushure mekuvhiyiwa, asi anogona kuenda kumwedzi, mutongo wake wakafanana neweMustahadhah. Uye humbowo hweizvi mashoko eMutumwa (rugare netsitsi dzaAllah ngazvive kwavari) kuna Fatimah mwanasikana waAbi Hubaysh ekuti: «Iroro iropa rinobva mutsinga chete, uye hakusi kuenda kumwedzi, saka kana kutevera kwauya, siya Swalaah»[64].
Nokuti zvirokwazvo mazwi eMutumwa ekuti: «Zvino kana kutevera kwauya» anoreva kuti mutemo weMustahadha unoshanda kune uyo ane ropa rekuenda kumwedzi rinogoneka kusiyaniswa, rine kutanga nekuguma kunozivikanwa. Asi kune uyo asina ropa rekuenda kumwedzi rinogoneka kusiyaniswa, ropa rake rinenge riri ropa rinobva mutsinga pese ipapo. [64] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku reWudhu, chitsauko: kugeza ropa, nhamba (228), uye naMuslim: bhuku rekutevera, chitsauko: Mustahadha, kugeza kwake neSwalaah yake, nhamba (333), kubva muhadith yaAisha, Allah ngavafare naye.
Mitemo yeIstihadah:
Taziva mune zvapfuura kuti ropa rinova kutevera rinhi uye rinova Istihaadhah rinhi. Nokudaro, kana riri ropa rekutevera panosimbiswa mitemo yekutevera, uye kana riri Istihaadhah panosimbiswa mitemo yeIstihaadhah.
Uye zvirokwazvo, ndambotaura nezvezvakakosha zvemitemo yekuenda kumwedzi.
Pamitemo yeIstihaadhah, yakaita semitemo yekuchena hapana musiyano pakati pemukadzi ane Istihaadhah nevakadzi vakachena, kunze kwezvinotevera:
Chekutanga: Kusungirwa kuita Wudhu paSwalaah yega yega, nekuti Muporofita (rugare netsitsi dza Allah ngazvive kwavari) vakati kuFatima bint Abi Hubaysh: «Zvino ita Wudhu paSwalah yega yega». Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari muchitsauko chekugeza ropa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti haaiti Wudhu yeSwalaah kusvikira nguva yayo yakwana. Asi kana Swalah yacho isina nguva yakatarwa, anoitaa Wudhu panguva yaanenge achida kuiita.
Chepiri: Kana achida kuita Wudhu, anogeza panenge pasara ropa, osunga jira pamusoro pedonje panhengo yake yesikarudzi kuti ropa rimire kubuda; nekuda kwemashoko eMuporofita (rugare netsitsi dzaAllah ngazvive kwavari) kuna Hamnah ekuti: “Ndinokuraira kushandisa donje, nekuti rinomisa ropa.” Iye akati: “Rinobuda rakawandisa kudarika izvozvo.” Akati: “Saka shandisa jira.” Mukadzi akati: “Rinobuda rakawandisa kudarika izvozvo.” Akati: “Saka zvisunge zvakasimba.” Hadith. Uye zvinobuda mushure meizvozvo hazvikanganisi; nekuda kweshoko reMuporofita, rugare nemakomborero aAllah ngazvive pavari, kuna Fatimah bint Abi Hubaysh ekuti: «Rega kuita Swalaah pamazuva ekuenda kumwedzi kwako, zvadaro geza, woita Wudhu paSwalaah yega yega, wobva wanamata, kunyangwe ropa rikadonhera parupasa». Yakashumwa naAhmad naIbn Maajah[65].
Chechitatu: Kusangana pabonde, zvirokwazvo vadzidzi vakapesana pamaonero pamusoro pekutenderwa kwazvo kana munhu asingatyi kuwira muchivi nekuzvisiya. Uye maonero akarurama ndeekuti zvinotenderwa zvachose; nekuti vakadzi vazhinji, vanosvika gumi kana kudarika, vakanga vachibuda ropa risiri renguva yavo munguva yeMuporofita (rugare netsitsi dzaAllah ngazvive kwavari), uye Allah kana Mutumwa wavo havana kurambidza kusangana navo pabonde. Zvekare Allah vekumusoro-soro vakati: {... saka siyanai nevakadzi panguva yekumwedzi ...} [Al-Baqarah:222] Humbowo hwekuti hazvisungirwe kuzvitsaura kubva kwavari mune zvimwe zvisiri izvozvo; uye nekuti Swalah inotenderwa kubva kwaari, saka kusangana pabonde chinhu chakareruka. Uye kufananidza kusangana naye pabonde nekusangana nemukadzi ari kumwedzi hakuna kururama; nekuti mamiriro maviri aya haaenzani, kunyangwe kune avo vanoti zvinorambidzwa, uye kufananidza hakuna kururama kana paine musiyano. [65] Yakashumwa naAhmad (6/ 204), naIbn Maajah, bhuku rekuchena nemaSunnah acho, chitsauko: zvakataurwa pamusoro peMustahaadhah uyo anenge averenga mazuva enguva yake, ropa risati raenderera mberi richibuda, nhamba (624), kubva muhadith yaAisha (Allah ngavafare naye).
Chitsauko Chechitanhatu: Nifaas nemutemo wacho
Nifaas: Iropa rinobuditswa nechibereko nekuda kwekusununguka, ringava panguva yacho, kana shure kwayo, kana mazuva maviri kana matatu pamberi payo paine marwadzo ekusununguka.
Sheikh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah akati: «Ropa raanoona paanotanga marwadzo ekusununguka, iropa renifas». Uye haana kuiisa muganhu wemazuva maviri kana matatu, uye zvinorehwa neshoko rake ndezvekuti: ndeaya marwadzo anozoteverwa nekusununguka, kana zvikasadaro, harisi ropa renifas. Uye vadzidzi vakasiyana pamaonero avo: kuti rine muganhu here panguva yaro shoma neyakawanda? Sheikh Taqiyyu al-Din vakati mugwaro rake rinotaura pamusoro peMazita anoshandiswa pakugadza Mitemo (peji:37): «Uye Nifas haina muganhu wekushomeka kwayo kana kuwanda kwayo. Saka kana zvikaitika kuti mukadzi aona ropa kwemazuva anopfuura makumi mana, kana makumi matanhatu, kana makumi manomwe, rikabva raguma, iNifas. Asi kana rikaramba richibuda, iropa rechirwere. Uye panguva iyoyo, muganhu uri mazuva makumi mana, nekuti ndiwo mugumo wezvinoitika kazhinji sezvakataurwa munhaurwa». (Ndipo pakaperera mashoko ake).
Ndinoti: Naizvozvo, kana ropa rake rikapfuura mazuva makumi mana, uye aine tsika yekuti rinomira mushure menguva iyoyo, kana kuti pakabuda zviratidzo zvekuswedera kwekumira kwaro, anomirira kusvika ramira. Kana zvisina kudaro, anogeza panokwana mazuva makumi mana; nekuti ndizvo zvinowanzoitika, kunze kwekunge zvaenderana nenguva yake yekutevera, zvikadaro anomira kusvika nguva yekutevera yapera. Zvino, kana ropa rikamira kubuda mushure meizvozvo, zvinofanirwa kutorwa setsika yake, uye anozoita zvinoenderana naizvozvo mune ramangwana. Uye kana ropa rikaramba richibuda, anenge ava Mustahaadhah, uye anodzokera kumitemo yeMustahaadhah yambotaurwa. Uye kana akachena nekumira kweropa rake, anenge achena kunyange mazuva makumi mana asati akwana; anobva ageza, onamata, otsanya, uye murume wake anogona kusangana naye, kunze kwekunge kumira kweropa kwacho kwaita nguva isingasviki zuva rimwe, nekuti hapana mutemo pazviri. Munyori akataura izvozvo muAl-Mughni[66].
Uye ropa harinzi ndereNifas kunze kwekunge mukadzi abuditsa chinhu chinoonekera kusikwa kwemunhu pachiri. Kana akaburitsa chinhu chidiki pasina kuonekera kusikwa kwemunhu pachiri, ropa rake harisi ropa reNifas, asi iropa rinobva mutsinga, uye mutemo wake unova wemukadzi weMustahadah. Nguva ipfupi-pfupi panotanga kuonekera kusikwa kwemunhu mazuva makumi masere kubva pakutanga kwepamuviri, uye kazhinji kacho zvinoitika pamazuva makumi mapfumbamwe. [66] Al-Mughni (252/1-253).
Al-Majd Ibn Taymiyyah akati:“Kana mukadzi akaona ropa rimwe zuva ari mukurwadziwa kwekusununguka asati abereka, haafaniri kuripa hanya; asi mushure mekubereka, anomira kunamata nekutsanya. Kana chokwadi chazobuda pachena mushure mekubereka chakasiyana nezvaitaridzika pakutanga, anodzoka ozogadzirisa (zvaakasiyira). Asi kana chokwadi chisina kujekeswa, mutongo unoramba wakavakirwa pane zvaitaridzika, uye hapana chaanofanira kudzokorora.” Zvakataurwa izvi zvakatorwa kubva maari mu Sharh al-Iqnaʿ. [67]
Mitemo yeNifas:
[67] Kash-shaaf al-Qinaa’ (219/1)
Mitemo yeNifaas yakafanana neMitemo yekutevera nemo nemo, kunze kwepane zvinotevera:
Chekutanga: Nguva yekumirira inotarwa nekurambana, kwete nekubuda ropa rekuzvara; nekuti kana kurambana kwaitika mukadzi asati asununguka, nguva yake yekumirira inopera nekusununguka kwake, kwete nekubuda ropa rekuzvara, uye kana kurambana kwaitika asununguka, anomirira kudzoka kwekuenda kumwedzi sezvambotaurwa.
Chepiri: Nguva yekuenda kumwedzi (Haydh) inoverengerwa munguva yeIlaa', asi nguva yeropa rinobuda mushure mekusununguka (Nifaas) haiverengerwi mairi.
Ilaa ndeyekuti: murume apike kurega kusangana pabonde nemukadzi wake nekusingaperi kana kwenguva inodarika mwedzi mina. Saka kana apika, uye mukadzi akamukumbira kusangana pabonde, anopihwa nguva yemwedzi mina kubva panguva yaakapika. Kana nguva iyi yapera, anomanikidzwa kusangana naye pabonde kana kuti kurambana, zvichibva mukuti mukadzi akumbira izvi. Munguva iyi, kana mukadzi akaita neNifaas, nguva iyoyo haisanganisirwi munguva yemurume, uye inowedzerwa pamusoro pemwedzi mina zvichienderana nehurefu hwayo. Zvakasiyana neHaydh (kuenda kumwedzi), nekuti nguva yacho inoverengerwa munguva yemurume.
Chechitatu: Kuyaruka kunowanikwa nekuenda kumwedzi, uye hakuitiki nekubuda ropa reNifaas; nekuti mukadzi haakwanisi kuita pamuviri kusvikira aburitsa ropa rekutevera, saka kuwanikwa kwekuyaruka kunenge kuri nekuda kwekuburitsa ropa rekutevera kunotangira kuita pamuviri.
Chechina: Ropa rekuenda kumwedzi kana rikamira, rodzoka mukati menguva yaro yemazuva ese, rinenge riri ropa rekumwedzi pasina kupokana. Semuenzaniso, kana nguva yemukadzi yaajaira iri mazuva masere, obva aona ropa kwemazuva mana, zvadaro romira kwemazuva maviri, robva radzoka pazuva rechinomwe nerechisere. Ropa iri rinenge radzoka rinenge riri ropa rekumwedzi pasina kupokana, uye mitemo yekuenda kumwedzi inoshanda pariri. Asi ropa reNifās, kana rikamira mazuva makumi mana asati apera richibva radzoka mukati memazuva makumi mana, tinenge tisina chokwadi kuti ropa radzoka iri nderei. Naizvozvo zvinosungirwa pane mudzimai kuti aite Swalaah nekutsanya izvo zvinosungirwa panguva yazvo. Uye zvinorambidzwa kwaari izvo zvinorambidzwa kumukadzi ari kutevera kunze kwezvinosungirwa. Uye anotsiva kana achena zvaakaita panguva yekubuda ropa iri, pazvinhu zvinosungirwa kumukadzi ari kutevera kuti atsive. Aya ndiwo maonero anemukurumbira pakati pevadzidzi veHanbali[68].
Zvakarurama ndezvekuti kana ropa rikadzoka kwaari munguva inogona kunge iri Nifaas, inenge iri Nifaas, uye kana zvisina kudaro iHaydh, kunze kwekunge ropa rikaramba richibuda maari, iri rinenge rava Istihaadhah. [68] Al-Mughni (253/1).
Uye izvi zvakada kufanana nezvakataurwa muAl-Mughni[69] kubva kuna Imam Malik, Allah ngavamunzwire tsitsi, apo munyori akati: Uye Malik akati: “Kana akaona ropa mushure memazuva maviri kana matatu —kureva kuti, kubva panguva parinenge ramira— inenge iri Nifaas, uye kana zvisina kudaro, iHaydh.” Uye iyi ndiyo yaive sarudzo yaSheikh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah (Allah ngavamunzwire tsitsi).
Uye panyaya dzeropa, hapana chinhu chine kupokana pachokwadi, asi kupokana inyaya inoenderana nemunhu, uye vanhu vanosiyana mairi zvichienderana neruzivo rwavo nekunzwisisa kwavo. Uye muBhuku (Qur’an) nemuSunnah mune tsananguro yechinhu chese, uye Allah havana kusungira chero ani zvake kuti atsanye kaviri, kana kuita Twawaaf kaviri, kunze kwekunge kana paaita pekutanga paine chakanganisika chisingakwanisi kugadziriswa kunze kwekuchitsiva. Asi, kana muranda aita zvaanokwanisa pamutoro waakapihwa zvichienderana nekugona kwake, mutoro wake unenge wabviswa, sezvakataura Allah vekumusoro-soro kuti: Allah havaremedzi munhu pane izvo zvaasingakwanisikuita... [Al-Baqarah:286]، Uye vakati: ﴿Naizvozvo ityai Allah sekukwanisa kwamunoita...﴾ [At-Taghaabun:16]. [69] Al-Mughni (253/1).
Musiyano wechishanu pakati peHaydh neNifaas: Ndewekuti muHaydh, kana mukadzi achena nguva yake yenguva dzose isati yasvika, zvinotenderwa kumurume wake kuti asangane naye pabonde pasina chisingafarirwe. Asi muNifaas, kana achena mazuva makumi mana asati apera, hazvifarirwe kuti murume wake asangane naye pabonde maererano nemaonero anozivikanwa muMadh’hab. Uye maonero akarurama ndeekuti hazvifarirwe kuti asangane naye pabonde. Aya ndiwo maonero eruzhinji rwevadzidzi; nekuti kusafarirwa mutongo wepamutemo unoda humbowo hwepamutemo. Asi panyaya iyi, hapana chimwe chinotaurwa kunze kwezvakataurwa naImam Ahmad kubva kuna Uthman bin Abi al-Aas kuti mudzimai wake akauya kwaari mazuva makumi mana asati apera, ndokubva ati: 'Usaswedere kwandiri'[70].
Uye izvi hazvirevi kuti chinhu chinovengwa; nekuti zvinogona kunge zvichibva kwaari senzira yekuzvichenjerera, nekutya kuti pamwe anga asina chokwadi nekuchena kwake, kana kuti ropa ringafambe nekuda kwekusangana pabonde, kana kuti nekuda kwezvimwe zvikonzero. Uye Allah ndivo vanoziva zvakanyanya. [70] Al-Mughni (2/ 252), uye nhaurwa yaUthman bin Abi Al-Aas yakashumwa naAbd Ar-Razzaq muAl-Musannaf (1202), naIbn Abi Shaybah muAl-Musannaf (17450), naAd-Darimi muAs-Sunan (990), naIbn Al-Jarood muAl-Muntaqa (118).
Chitsauko chechinomwe: Pamusoro pekushandisa zvinodzivirira Haydh kana kuiuyisa, uye zvinodzivirira pamuviri kana kupabvisa.
Mukadzi anotenderwa kushandisa zvinodzivirira kuenda kwake kumwedzi nezviga zviviri:
Chekutanga: Kuti pasatyirwe kukuvadzwa kwake, nekuti kana kukatyirwa kukuvadzwa kwake kunobva pane izvozvo, hazvibvumidzwe; nekuda kweshoko raAllah vari kumusoro-soro rekuti: ﴿...uye musazvikanda nemaoko enyu mukuparadzwa...﴾ [Al-Baqarah:195]، ﴿...uye musazviuraya. Zvirokwazvo Allah vane ngoni nemi.﴾ [An-Nisaa:29].
Chechipiri: Kuti izvozvo zviitwe nemvumo yemurume kana paine chinomubata pazviri. Sekuti anenge ari munguva yake yekumirira yekurambwa, panguva iyo zvinosungirwa pamurume kumuchengeta. Anobva ashandisa chinodzivirira kuenda kumwedzi; kuitira kuti nguva yacho irebe, uye oramba achichengetwa. Saka hazvitenderwi kwaari kushandisa chinodzivirira kuenda kumwedzi panguva iyoyo kunze kwekunge apiwa mvumo nemurume wake. Saizvozvowo, kana zvikasimbiswa kuti kudzivirira kuenda kumwedzi kunodzivirira kubata pamuviri, zvinodikanwa kuti pave nemvumo yemurume. Uye kana zvabvumidzwa kushandiswa, zviri nani kusazvishandisa kunze kwekunge pane chikonzero; nokuti kusiya zvinhu zvemuviri zviri pamasikirwo azvo zviri pedyo nekuchengetedza hutano hwakaringana nekuchengeteka.
Uye kushandisa zvinounza ropa rekumwedzi zvinotenderwa nezviga zviviri zvakare:
Chekutanga: Kusatsvaga manomano nazvo kuti unzvenge chinhu chinosungirwa, semuenzaniso wekuzvishandisa kana Ramadan yave pedyo, nechinangwa chekuti ugure mutsanyo, kana kuti ubvise nazvo Swalah (munamato), nezvimwe zvakafanana neizvozvo.
Chepiri: Kuti zviitwe nemvumo yemurume; nekuti kuuitika kwekutevera kunomutadzisa kuti anakidzwe zvizere, saka hazvitenderwe kushandisa zvinotadzisa kodzero yake kunze kwekunge abvuma. Uye kana ari mukadzi akarambwa, zvirokwazvo izvi zvinokasirisa kubvisa kodzero yemurume yekumudzosera, kana aine kodzero iyoyo.
Kushandiswa kwezvinodzivirira kubata pamuviri kuri pamhando mbiri:
Chekutanga: Kuti mukadzi akudzivise zvachose hazvibvumidzwe; nekuti zvinogura kubereka zvoita kuti vana vashomeke, uye izvi zvinopesana nechinangwa chemutemo waAllah, wekuti ummah yeIslam iwande zvikuru; uyezve pamwe vana vake varipo vanogona kufa, ozosara ari shirikadzi asina vana.
Chepiri: Kudzivirira pamuviri kwechinguvana; semuenzaniso, kana mukadzi achiwanzobata pamuviri, uye pamuviri pacho pachimuremera, obva ada kuronga kubata pamuviri kwake kamwe pamakore maviri, kana zvakafanana neizvozvo. Izvi zvinotenderwa, nechiga chekuti murume wake amutendere, uye kuti zvisave zvinokuvadza mukadzi. Uye humbowo hwacho ndehwekuti maSahaba vaiita 'Azl kuvakadzi vavo munguva yeMuporofita (rugare netsitsi dzaAllah ngazvive kwavari) nechinangwa chekuti vakadzi vavo vasabate pamuviri, uye havana kurambidzwa kuita izvozvo. Uye 'Azl ndiko kuti murume aite zvepabonde nemudzimai wake, obva abvisa nhengo yake mukati memukadzi panguva yekubudisa hurume, ozobuditsira hurume kunze kwenhengo yesikarudzi.
Uye kushandisa zvinobvisa pamuviri kune mhando mbiri: [71] Yakashumwa naAl-Bukhari: bhuku rewanano, chitsauko: Al-Azl, nhamba (5209), naMuslim: bhuku rewanano, chitsauko: mutongo weAl-Azl, nhamba (1440), kubva muhadith yaJabir (Allah ngavafare naye).
Chekutanga: Kuti chinangwa chekubviswa kwayo chive chekuiparadza, kana izvi zvikaitwa mushure mekufemerwa kwemweya mumwana ari mudumbu; izvi zvakarambidzwa, pasina kupokana; nekuti ikoko kuuraya munhu akachengetedzwa zvisina kururama, uye kuuraya munhu akachengetedzwa kwakarambidzwa neQur’an neSunnah pamwechete nekubvumirana kwemaMuslim. Uye kana zvikaitika mweya usati wafemerwa mumwana ari mudumbu; zvirokwazvo vadzidzi vakapokana pamusoro pekutenderwa kwazvo. Pakati pavo pane vakazvitendera, uye pane vakarambidza, uye pakati pavo pane vakati: Zvinotenderwa kana nhumbu isati yave ropa rakaungana. Kureva kuti: nhumbu isati yapfuura mazuva makumi mana. Uye vamwe vavo vakati: zvinobvumidzwa chero bedzi kusati kwaonekwa kuumbwa kwemunhu mukati menhumbu.
Uye nzira yakachengeteka ndeyekurambidza kubvisa pamuviri kunze kwekunge paine chikonzero chakakosha, sekunge amai vari kurwara uye vasingakwanisi kutakura pamuviri kana zvimwe zvakadaro. Panguva iyoyo zvinobvumidzwa kubvisa pamuviri—kunze kwekunge nguva yapfuura iyo inogona kuita kuti kuumbwa kwemunhu kuonekwe, ipapo zvinorambidzwa. Uye Allah ndivo vanoziva zvakanyanya.
Chechipiri: Kuti pasave nechinangwa chekuparadza nhumbu pakuibvisa; zvinotenderwa kuedza kuibvisa pakupera kwenguva yenhumbu uye nguva yekusununguka yava pedyo, nechiga chekuti pasave nekukuvara kuna amai, kana kumwana, uye kuti pasade kuvhiyiwa. Asi kana pachida kuvhiyiwa, pane mamiriro mana ezvinhu:
Chekutanga: Kuti amai pamwechete nemwana ari mudumbu vave vapenyu; hazvibvumidzwe kuvhiyiwa kunze kwekunge paine kumanikidzwa, sekunge kusununguka kwake kwave kunetsa zvekuti anoda kuvhiyiwa. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti muviri wemunhu chinhu chaakapihwa kuti achengetedze, , saka haafaniri kuuita zvinhu zvinogona kuunza njodzi kunze kwekunge paine chikonzero chikuru; uye nekuti pamwe anogona kufunga kuti mukuvhiyiwa hamuna njodzi asi yozongoitika.
Chechipiri: Kuti amai vange vafa pamwe nemwana ari mudumbu afawo; hazvitenderwe kukuvhiya kuti mwana aburitswe nekuti hapana zvazvinobatsira.
Chechitatu: Kana amai vari vapenyu uye mwana ari munhumbu afa, zvinotenderwa kuvhiya kumuburitsa, kunze kwekunge pachityirwa kukuvara kuna amai; nekuti zviri pachena - uye Allah ndivo vanoziva zvikuru - kuti mwana ari munhumbu kana afa kazhinji haabude pasina kuvhiya, saka kuramba kwake ari mudumbu mavo kunovatadzisa kuita imwe nhumbu mune ramangwana, uye zvinovaomera, uye pamwe vanogona kuramba vasina murume kana vari muIddah yemurume wekare.
Chechina: Kuti amai vave vakafa uye mwana ari mudumbu ari mupenyu, kana pasina tariro yekuti achararama, hazvitenderwe kuvhiya.
Uye kana paine tariro yekuti angapona, kana chikamu chake chatobuda, dumbu raamai rinochekwa kuti chikamu chake chasara chibuditswe. Uye kana pasina chabuda maari, vadzidzi vedu, Allah ngavaveitire tsitsi, vakati: dumbu raamai harifaniri kuchekwa kuti mwana abuditswe; nekuti kuita izvozvo kushungurudza mutumbi. Asi maonero akarurama ndeekuti dumbu rinochekwa kana zvisingakwanisike kumubudisa pasina izvozvo. Uye iyi ndiyo sarudzo yaIbn Hubairah, akati muAl-Insaaf[72]: "Uye ndiyo yakakodzera."
Ndinoti: Zvikurusei munguva yedu ino, nekuti kuvhiya hakusi kukuvadza muviri; nekuti dumbu rinochekwa rozosonwa, uye nekuti chiremerera chemunhu mupenyu chakakura kudarika chiremerera chemufi; uye nekuti kununura munhu ane hupenyu hunokosheswa kubva mukuparara zvinosungirwa, uye mwana ari mudumbu munhu ane hupenyu hunokosheswa, naizvozvo zvinosungirwa kumununura. Allah ndivo vanonyatsoziva. [72] Al-Insaaf (556/2).
Cherechedzo: Mumamiriro ezvinhu ambotaurwa apo panotenderwa kubvisa pamuviri, zvinosungirwa kuti mvumo iwanikwe kubva kumuridzi wepamuviri, semurume.
Pano ndipo pagumira zvandnga ndichida kunyora maererano nenyaya iyi yakakosha. Ini ndagumira pamazano makuru nemitemo yakakosha chete; nekuti kana tichitarisa mamwe matavi, nezvinhu zvidiki-diki, nezvose zvinoitika kuvakadzi panyaya iyi, zvakafanana negungwa risina mahombekombe. Asi ane njere anokwanisa kudzosera matavi kunheyo dzawo, nezvidimbu kumisimboti yazvo nezviga zvazvo, uye kuenzanisa zvinhu nezvakafanana nazvo.
Uye mutsananguri wemutemo ngaazive kuti iye muyananisi pakati paAllah nezvisikwa zvavo pakusvitsa izvo zvakauya nevatumwa vavo, nekuzvitsanangurira zvisikwa, uye kuti ane mutoro wezvirimu muBhuku neSunnah, nekuti izvi ndizvo zvinyorwa zviviri izvo muranda akapihwa basa rekunzwisisa nekuzvitevera. Uye zvese zvinopesana neQur'an neSunnah kukanganisa, kunosungirwa kurambwa kuchidzorwa kune uyo azvitaura, uye hazvibvumirwe kushanda nazvo. Kana uyo azvitaura ari anoregererwa nekuda kwekuedza kwake kutsvaga chokwadi, anopiwa mubairo pamusoro pekuedza ikoko, asi uyo ane ruzivo rwekukanganisa kwake haabvumirwe kuzvigamuchira.
Zvinosungirwa kuna Mufti kuti achenese vavariro yake kuna Allah vekumusoro-soro (oda kufadza ivo vega), uye kuti akumbire rubatsiro kwavari panyaya yese yaanosangana nayo, uye kuti avakumbire ivo vari kumusoro-soro kusimbaradzwa nekutungamirirwa kune zvakarurama.
Uye anofanira kuvimba nezvinobva muQur'an neSunnah, oongorora nekutsvakurudza mune izvozvo, kana kutsvaga rubatsiro kubva mumashoko evadzidzi vechitendero kuti azvinzwisise.
Uye zvirokwazvo kazhinji panomuka imwe nyaya, munhu oitsvagurudza mune zvaanokwanisa mumashoko evadzidzi, zvadaro haawani chaanogutsikana nacho pamutongo wayo, uye pamwe haawani payakaturwa nezvayo zvachose. Asi kana akadzokera kuBhuku raAllah neSunnah, mutongo wazvo unobva wajeka uye wava pachena kwaari, zvichienderana nekuzvipira, ruzivo, nekunzwisisa.
Uye zvinosungirwa kunaMufti kuti ambomira afunge pakupa mutongo kana paine zvisina kujeka, uye kuti asachimbidze; nekuti kangani apo anopa mutongo achikurumidzira, zvozobuda pachena kwaari mushure mekufunga zvekare kuti anenge akanganisa mauri, ozodemba pamusoro pazvo. Uye pamwe haazokwanisi kugadzirisa zvaanenge atonga
Mufti kana vanhu vakamuziva nekudzikama nekunyatsoongorora nyaya, vanovimba nezvaanotaura uye vanozvikudza. Asi kana vakamuona ari munhu anomhanyirira—uye munhu anomhanyirira anokanganisa kazhinji—havavi nekuvimba nezvaanopa semutongo. Saka nekuda kwekuchimbidzika kwake nekukanganisa kwake, anozvinyima iye pachake uyezve onyima vamwe ruzivo nechokwadi chaanenge ainacho.
Tinokumbira kuna Allah vekumusoro-soro kuti vatitungamirire isu nehama dzedu maMuslim munzira yavo yakatwasuka, uye kuti vatichengete nekutarisira kwavo, uye vatidzivirire kubva mukukanganisa nekuchengetedza kwavo. Zvirokwazvo, ndivo Mupi Mukuru, anopa nenyasha. Allah ngavakomborere nekupa rugare kune Muporofita wedu Muhammad, nemhuri yavo nemaSwahaba vavo vose. Uye kurumbidzwa kose ndekwaAllah, uyo nenyasha dzake mabasa akanaka anozadzikiswa.
Gwaro ranyorwa nemuranda waAllah anoda zvese kwavari rapera pano.
Muhammad as-Salih al-Uthaymin
Mumangwanani ezuva reJumu’ah
14 Sha’baan gore ra 1392H
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Islam chitendero chevatumwa vaAllah.
Islam kuzvipira kuzere kuna Allah, Musiki wenyika yese neMurongi wayo, uye kuvateerera nerudo nekuvakudza. Hwaro hweIslam kutenda muna Allah, kuti ndivo Musiki, uye zvese zvisiri Ivo zvakasikwa, uye kuti Ndivo vega vanofanirwa kunamatwa, vasina mubatsiri. Hakuna chimwe chinhu chinofanirwa kunamatwa kunze kwavo. Ndivo vane mazita akanakisisa nemaitiro epamusorosoro. Vane kukwana kuzere, pasina chakaperevedza. Havana kubereka uye havana kuberekwa, uye hakuna akaenzana navo kana anofananidzwa navo. Havagari mukati mechinhu uye havapindi mumuviri wechimwe chinhu chiri pazvisikwa zvavo. Islam…
- Tsanangudzo pfupi pamusoro peIslam sekuuya kwayakaita muQur'an rinoera neSunnah yehuporofita.71 languages
Tsanangudzo pfupi pamusoro peIslam sekuuya kwayakaita muQur'an rinoera neSunnah yehuporofita.
Islam Ibhuku rakakosha rine tsananguro pfupi pamusoro pechitendero cheIslam, richitsanangura nheyo dzacho dzinonyanya kukosha, nedzidziso dzacho, uye nekunaka kwacho kubva kumanyuko aro epakutanga, anova Qur'an Dzvene neSunnah yaMuporofita. Uye bhuku iri rakanangana nevanhu vose vanosungirwa kuzvidavirira, kubva kumaMuslim nevasiri maMuslim, mumitauro yavo, munguva dzose nenzvimbo dzose, zvisinei nekusiyana kwemamiriro ezvinhu nezvinoitika. (Gwaro rinosanganisira humbowo kubva muQur’an rinoera nemuSunnah yaMuporofita) 1- Islam ndiro shoko raAllah kuvanhu vose, uye ndiro shoko rinobva kuna…
- Pfupiso yeKutenda kweIslam47 languages
Pfupiso yeKutenda kweIslam
Bhuku iri rinotsanangura mbiru dzeKutenda, dzinosanganisira kutenda muna Allah, nemungirozi dzavo, nemumabhuku avo, nemuvatumwa vavo, nemuZuva Rekupedzisira, uye nezvakatarwa. Bhuku racho rinoburitsawo misimboti yehwaro iyo muMuslim anofanira kutenda mairi nekushanda maererano nayo, richisimbisa kukosha kwekusimbisa hukama naAllah kuburikidza nekunzwisisa zvakadzama dzidziso dzekutenda kwechiIslam.
- Maitirwo eSwalaah(munamato) ya muporofita ﷺ79 languages
Maitirwo eSwalaah(munamato) ya muporofita ﷺ
Mubhuku rinonzi “maitirwo eSwalaah(munamato) ya muporofita (rugare netsitsi dzaAllah ngazvive kwaari), vanoremekedzwa Sheikh Abdul Aziz bin Baz (Mwari vavanzwire tsitsi) vakapfupikisa tsananguro yenzira yekunamata yaMuporofita (rugare netsitsi dzaAllah ngazvive kwaari) nemutoo wakareruka uye negwara rakajeka, vachitsigira nemagwaro echokwadi, kuti rive nhungamiro kumuMuslim mukunamata (Swalaah) kwake. Mariri vakatsanangura mapango eSwalaah , maSunnah ayo, nemaitirwo ayo, kubvira paWudhu (kushambidzika kwedzimwe nhengo dzemuviri) kusvika paTasleem (mhedziso), vachibatanidza humbowo nekujekesa,…