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There is no marriage except with a guardian

Abu Mūsa al-Ash‘ari (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said:

"There is no marriage except with a guardian."

«لا نِكَاحَ إِلّا بِوَليٍّ».

Narrated by Abu Dāwūd, At-Tirmidhi, Ibn Mājah, and Ahmad
Authentic
Explanation

The Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) points out that a woman's marriage is not valid without a guardian who concludes the marriage contract.

Word Meaning

لا نكاح : لا نكاح صحيح ومعتبر شرعًا.

الوَلِيُّ : هو أقرب الرجال إلى المرأة من عصبتها الذين يرثونها، كالأب والأخ.

Benefits from the Hadith

The guardian is a prerequisite for the validity of marriage. If the marriage occurs without a guardian or a woman marries herself off, the marriage is not valid.

The guardian is the closest man to a woman. No distant guardian can marry her off while a closer guardian is available.

A guardian must be: accountable, male, wise, aware of the interests related to marriage, and have the same religion as the one under his guardianship. Whoever does not fulfill these requirements is not qualified to be a guardian in a marriage contract.

References

Sunan Abi Dawood (3/ 427) (2085).

Sunan At-Tirmidhi (2/ 392) (1101).

Sunan Ibn Mājah (3/ 79) (1881).

Musnad Ahmad (32/ 280) (19518).

More (10)

البدرُ التمام شرح بلوغ المرام.

للمَغرِبي (7/ 57).

إرواء الغليل في تخريج أحاديث منار السبيل.

للألباني (6/ 237).

توضِيح الأحكام من بلوغ المَرَام.

للبسام (5/ 262).

منحة العلام في شرح بلوغ المرام.

لعبد الله الفوزان (7/ 222).

فتح ذي الجلال والإكرام بشرح بلوغ المرام.

لابن عثيمين (4/ 469).