(تمارين الحقيبة المالكية)

Curriculum

Fiqh Qualification according to the School of Imām Mālik

Introduction to Islamic Jurisprudence

Book of Exercises

Question 1: Define the meaning of Fiqh (jurisprudence) applicable to the following issues

-

Issue

The meaning of Fiqh applicable to the issue

Linguistically

Shar‘i (legally)

Technically

Knowledge of the nullifiers of ablution with their evidences.

Knowledge of the description of the Kusūf (solar eclipse) prayer.

Understanding a physics lesson.

Understanding the process of manufacturing a car.

Understanding the verses related to Paradise and Hell.

Knowledge of the attributes of Allah and His greatness.

Knowledge of the rulings of prostration of forgetfulness.

Knowledge of the virtues of the Companions.

Knowledge of the signs of the Hour.

Knowledge of the ruling on the first Tashahhud.

Question 2: Based on what you have studied about the merits of Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), explain the significance of each of the following texts. Do they indicate the merit of Fiqh specifically (1) or that of Shariah knowledge in general (2)?

The Prophet (ﷺ) said:

"If Allah wills good for someone, He grants him a good understanding of the religion."

1. Allah Almighty says: {It is not right for the believers to march forth all at once; a group should go forth to acquire deeper knowledge of the religion in order to admonish their people when they return to them, so that they may be cautious.}

Question 3: Based on what you have studied about the ruling on studying Fiqh, mark the appropriate checkbox:

-

Issue

Individual obligation

Communal obligation

Issue: (The obligation of the mutual handover of items before the departure of both parties in currency exchange transactions) for a person working in currency exchange.

Manner of performing prostration

Issue: (Ruling on the division of overnight stays among wives) for an unmarried man.

Manner of performing ablution.

Issue: (Zakah on grains and fruits) for a person who owns fruitful palm trees.

Issue: (What punishment is due in cases of unintentional killing) for a person who did not commit murder and did not assume a judicial post?

Description of a valid prayer.

Knowledge of the time of Imsāk (refraining from eating, drinking and other nullifiers of fast).

Question 4: Some researchers and authors in the history of Islamic jurisprudence have divided the stages of Fiqh into eight stages:

The Prophetic era.

The Rightly-Guided Caliphs 11-40 AH.

The young Companions 40-100 AH.

From 100-320 AH.

320-656 AH.

656-900 AH.

900-1250 AH.

1250-present.

Compare this division to the four-stage division you studied, by placing each stage of these eight stages in front of its corresponding stage from the four stages you studied:

-

Stage

Corresponding numbers

Legislative stage.

Pre-schools of thought stage.

Schools of thought stage.

Present time stage.

Question 5: Do the Companions legislate?

Yes, they legislate.

No, they do not legislate.

The Rightly-Guided Caliphs have the right to legislate, apart from the rest of the Companions.

Question 6: Give two examples of gradualness in legislation within a single ruling.

Question 7: Give two examples of training the Companions in practicing independent personal reasoning (Ijtihād).

Question 8: Refer to the statements of Ibn Al-Qayyim, which he quoted from Ibn Hazm in I‘lām Al-Muwaqqi‘īn, then fill in the table:

-

Companion

Mukthir (One who narrated a large number of Hadīths)

Muqill (One who narrated a few Hadīths)

Mutawwasit (One who is neither Mukthir nor Muqill)

‘Umar ibn Al-Khattāb

‘Abdur-Rahmān ibn ‘Awf

Ibn ‘Abbās

’Ubayy ibn Ka‘b

‘Ubādah ibn As-Sāmit

Abu Ad-Dardā’

Ibn Mas‘ūd

‘Ā’ishah

Ja‘far ibn Abi Tālib

Ibn Az-Zubayr

Zayd ibn Thābit

Abu Mūsa Al-Ash‘ari

Question 9: Mention two reasons for the variance among the Companions concerning the volume of Fiqh transmitted from them.

Question 10: Identify the city in which the mentioned Companion disseminated his Fiqh:

Answer

Companion

Zayd ibn Thābit

Ibn ‘Umar

Ibn ‘Abbās

Ibn Mas‘ūd

City

Madīnah

Kūfah

Makkah

Damascus

Question 11: Place each one of the jurists of the Tābi‘ūn in the corresponding column:

[1] Masrūq

[2] The Seven Jurists

[3] Ibrāhīm An-Nakha‘i

[4] Sālim ibn ‘Abdullah ibn ‘Umar

[5] Mujāhid

[6] Al-Hasan Al-Basri

[7] Nāfi‘, the freed slave of Ibn ‘Umar

[8] Az-Zuhri

[9] ‘Abīdah As-Salamāni

[10] ‘Atā’

[11] Ibn Sīrīn

[12] Qatādah

[13] ‘Alqamah

[14] Shurayh Al-Qādi

Madīnah

Makkah

Kūfah

Basrah

Question 12: Place the date of birth and death in front of each of the imams:

The imam

His birth date

His death date

Abu Hanīfah

Mālik

Ash-Shāfi‘i

Ahmad

In the year 150 AH, ............... was born, and died in ..................

In the year 93 AH, .............. was born, and in the same year, the noble Companion ............... died.

Question 13: Mention three of the imams of extinct schools of thought:

Question 14: Based on your study of the phases of the Māliki school:

The emergence phase ends with the rise of the scholar of Iraq, Al-Qādi Ismā‘īl, in the year: ...............

The second phase ends with the .............. Hijri century.

The stability phase begins with the appearance of the Mukhtasar of.................

The four main books authored on the Māliki Fiqh are: .................. , ................., ..................., and .........................

The works of the second phase focused primarily on serving the main books of the first phase. Among the works that served Al-Mudawwanah: ...................... and among the works that served the ‘Utbiyyah: ........................ and among the works that contained the summary of the main books:

During the phase of stability, the distinction in the reliance on renowned opinions occurred among the schools of the Madh'hab, so mention them in order:

School

School

School

School

Question 15:

Is Abu Hanīfah one of the Tābi‘ūn?

Abu Hanīfah's school of thought is an extension of the school of ....................., led by the noble Companion..................

Question 16: Match the books with their authors, then mention the corresponding school of thought of each.

Book

Author

School of thought

Nihāyat Al-Muhtāj Fi Sharh Al-Minhāj

Ghāyat Al-Muntaha Fi Al-Jam‘ Bayn Al-Iqnā‘ wa Al-Muntaha

Badā’i‘ As-Sanā’i‘ Fi Tartīb Ash-Sharā’i‘

Al-Mudawwanah

Tuhfat Al-Fuqahā’

Al-Insāf Fi Ma‘rifat Ar-Rājih Min Al-Khilāf

Ar-Riwāyatayn wa Al-Wajhayn

Al-Bayān Wa At-Tahsīl

Al-Bidāyah

Radd Al-Muhtār ‘Ala Ad-Durr Al-Mukhtār

Al-Hidāyah

Al-Iqnā‘ Li Tālib Al-Intifā‘

Adh-Dhakhīrah

An-Nawādir Wa Az-Ziyādāt

Al-Bahr Ar-Rā’iq

Nihāyat Al-Matlab

Al-Wasīt

Ad-Durr Ath-Thamīn Wa Al-Mawrid Al-Ma‘īn

Tanwīr Al-Absār

Al-Muhadhdhab

At-Tawdīh

Ar-Rawd Al-Murbi‘ ‘Ala Zād Al-Mustaqni‘

Mawāhib Al-Jalīl

Kanz Ad-Daqā’iq

Rawdat At-Tālibīn

‘Iqd Al-Jawāhir Ath-Thamīnah

Kashshāf Al-Qinā‘ ‘An Aqrab Al-Masālik

Al-Furū‘

Zād Al-Mustaqni‘

Minhāj At-Tālibīn

Al-Bahjah Sharh At-Tuhfah

Tuhfat Al-Muhtāj Sharh Al-Minhāj

Tahdhīb Al-Ajwibah

Al-Kāfi Fi Fiqh Ahl Al-Madīnah

Al-Muqni‘

At-Tāj wa Al-Iklīl

Question 17: Who is he?

He said about himself: "Never have I written down a Hadīth except that I acted upon it. I happened to know that the Prophet (ﷺ) got himself cupped and gave Abu Taybah a dinar, so I gave the cupper a dinar when I got myself cupped." He is..............

He used to complete the recitation of the Qur’an sixty times in the month of Ramadan. He is.................

Ash-Shāfi‘i said: "People are dependent on him in jurisprudence." He is...................

Ash-Shāfi‘i said about him: "He is an imam in eight qualities: an imam in Hadīth, an imam in jurisprudence, an imam in language, an imam in the Qur’an, an imam in poverty, an imam in asceticism, an imam in religious prudence, and an imam in the Sunnah." He is.............

His sister was asked: "What was he doing at home?" She said: "The Mus-haf, i.e., recitation of the Qur’an." He is................

He was qualified to issue Fatwas and engaged in teaching at the age of 21. He said: "I did not issue Fatwas until seventy people testified that I was qualified for that." He is................

He was called Al-Watad (the pillar) due to his frequent standing in prayer. He is.................

He memorized the Qur’an at the age of seven, Al-Muwatta’ at the age of ten, and his teacher, Muslim ibn Khālid Az-Zanji, permitted him to give Fatwas when he was fifteen. He is..................

Ash-Shāfi‘i said to him: "If a Hadīth is authentic according to you, then inform us so that we can rely on it. You have more knowledge about authentic narrations than we do." He is..............

Question 18: Fiqh in the modern era.

Mention three examples of Islamic legal colleges.

Mention two Fiqh (jurisprudence) magazines:

Mention two specialized online Fiqh websites:

Provide an example of a Fiqh research center:

Mention two books on Fiqh of An-Nawāzil (contemporary issues), either on its legal grounding or related to specific contemporary issues:

Question 19: Based on your study of the issue of following a specific Madh-hab (school of jurisprudence), clarify what falls into the category of agreed-upon prohibition [1], agreed-upon permissible [2], and disputed matters [3] from the following examples:

A person says: I am a follower of the Hanafi Madh-hab, so I do not pray behind the followers of the Shāfi‘i Madh-hab or visit them.

A person says: I am a follower of the Māliki Madh-hab, I believe that a Hadīth that did not reach Imam Mālik is not permissible to act upon, even if it is authentic and precise.

A person says: I am at the beginning of my quest for knowledge, and therefore I am studying the Shāfi‘i Madh-hab and acting upon it, even if I do not know its proofs, nor do I ask about its proofs or the proofs of those who disagree with it.

A person says: I am studying the Hanbali Madh-hab and learning its proofs, and act upon what I have studied as long as I have not found a clear and sound text that contradicts the Madh-hab.

Question 20: Attribute each of the following prominent scholars to the Fiqh school he follows [Ahl Al-Hadīth, Ahl Ar-Ra’y, Ahl Azh-Zhāhir, Rationalist School]:

Scholar

School

Scholar

School

Abu Hanīfah

Mālik

Ahmad

Ash-Shāfi‘i

Is-hāq ibn Rāhawayh

Ibn Hazm

Dāwūd ibn ‘Ali

An-Nazhzhām Al-Mu‘tazili

Question 21: Attribute the following statements to the corresponding school based on your studies (Ahl Al-Hadīth [1], Ahl Ar-Ra’y [2], Ahl Azh-Zhāhir [3], Rationalist School [4]):

(If a Hadīth contradicts the public interest, then the latter is considered and the Hadīth is disregarded.)

(If an Āhād Hadīth contradicts analogy in a widely rampant issue, then analogy is to be followed because it is based on multiple texts.)

(Analogy should not be resorted to in the presence of a Hādith, even if it is an Āhād Hadīth, and even if the matter is widely rampant.)

(Analogy should not be resorted to at all, nor should it be applied. If there is a text, we act upon it. Otherwise, we refer to the original principle, which is permissibility and the presumption of freedom of liability, i.e., Istishāb.)

Question 22: Identify the reason of disagreement in the following based on your studies:

-

Issue

Reason of Disagreement

Al-Bukhāri and Muslim narrated from Ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with them) that he said: (After his return from the battle of Al-Ahzāb, the Prophet (ﷺ) said: "None of you should offer the ‘Asr prayer but at Banu Qurayzhah's place. The ‘Asr prayer became due for some of them on the way. Some of them said: We will not offer it till we reach it, the place of Banu Qurayzhah, while some others said: No, we will pray at this spot, for the Prophet (ﷺ) did not mean that for us." Later on, it was mentioned to the Prophet (ﷺ), and he did not scold any of them.)

‘Abdullāh ibn ‘Abbās reported that ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattāb (may Allah be pleased with him) set out for Shām (Greater Syria/Levant). When he reached Sargh, he was met by the leaders of the armies, Abu ‘Ubaydah ibn Al-Jarrāh and his companions. They informed him that a plague had broken out in the land of the Levant. Ibn ‘Abbās said: ‘Umar said, “Summon the early Muhājirūn for me.” He called them and consulted them, informing them that a plague had broken out in the Levant. They differed in their opinions. Some of them said, “You have set out for a purpose, and we do not think you should retreat from it.” Others said, “You have with you the rest of the people and the Companions of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), and we do not think you should expose them to this plague.” He said, “You may go now.” Then he said, “Summon the Ansār for me.” I called them and he consulted them. They followed the path of the Muhājirūn and differed just as they had. He said, “You may go now.” Then he said, “Summon for me those elders of the Quraysh who are here from the emigrants of the Conquest.” I called them, and not two men among them disagreed with him. They said, “We believe that you should return with the people and not expose them to this plague.” ‘Umar then announced to the people, “I am setting out on my journey back in the morning, so you should do the same.” Abu ‘Ubaydah ibn Al-Jarrāh said, “Are you fleeing from the decree of Allah?” ‘Umar replied, “Would that someone other than you had said this, O Abu ‘Ubaydah! Yes, we are fleeing from the decree of Allah to the decree of Allah. Tell me, if you had camels that came down to a valley with two banks, one fertile and the other barren, if you grazed them on the fertile bank, would you not be grazing them by Allah's decree? And if you grazed them on the barren bank, would you not also be grazing them by Allah's decree?” He said: Then ‘Abdur-Rahmān ibn ‘Awf came—and he had been absent on some errand—and said, “I have knowledge of this matter. I heard the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) say: ‘If you hear of an outbreak of plague in a land, do not enter it; and if it occurs in a land where you are, do not leave, fleeing from it.’” He said: Thereupon, ‘Umar praised Allah and then departed.

Abu Sa‘īd al-Khudri said: I was in one of the gatherings of the Ansār when Abu Mūsa came in as if he was terrified. He said: "I sought permission from ‘Umar three times, but I was not granted permission, so I returned." ‘Umar asked: "What prevented you?" Abu Mūsa replied: "I sought permission three times, but I was not granted permission, so I returned." Verily, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "If one of you seeks permission three times and he is not granted permission, let him return." ‘Umar said: "By Allah, you must prove what you say. Did any of you hear this from the Prophet (ﷺ)?" Ubayy ibn Ka‘b said: "By Allah, only the youngest among us will go with you." As I was the youngest, I went with him. I informed ‘Umar that the Prophet (ﷺ) had indeed said that.

Ibn Rushd stated in Bidāyat Al-Mujtahid: (Jurists have differed regarding the ruling on a man who has intercourse with his wife while she is menstruating. Mālik, Ash-Shāfi‘i, and Abu Hanīfah stated that he should only seek forgiveness from Allah and there is nothing due upon him. Ahmad ibn Hanbal, on the other hand, stated that he should give charity of one or half a dinar. A group of Ahl-al-Hadīth said that if he has intercourse while she is bleeding, he must give one dinar, and if he has intercourse when there is no bleeding, he must give half a dinar. The reason for their disagreement lies in their differing opinions regarding the authenticity or weakness of the Hadīths related to this matter. Ibn ‘Abbās reported that the Prophet (ﷺ) said about one who has intercourse with his wife while she is menstruating: "He should give one dinar as charity." According to another narration, he (ﷺ) said: "half a dinar." Also, it was narrated in this Hadīth of Ibn ‘Abbās that: "If he has intercourse while she is bleeding, he must give one dinar, and if he has intercourse while she is not bleeding, he must give half a dinar." It is further mentioned in this Hadīth: "He should give charity of two-fifths of a dinar," which is the opinion held by Al-Awzā‘i. Those who considered any of these Hadīths to be authentic acted upon them, and those who did not consider them authentic, which is the majority opinion, adhered to the general principle, which is that a ruling is not effective until it is established by evidence).

In Ash-Sharh Al-Kabīr by Ibn Qudāmah: (Even if he said: "Sell my garment for ten, and whatever you get more is for you," then it is valid, as stated explicitly by him (the author). This is reported from Ibn ‘Abbās, and it is also the opinion of Ibn Sīrīn and Is'hāq. On the other hand, An-Nakha‘i, Hammād, Abu Hanīfah, Ath-Thawri, Ash-Shāfi‘i, and Ibn Al-Mundhir disliked this opinion because it involves an uncertain reward that may or may not exist. We say, ‘Atā’ reported that Ibn ‘Abbās saw nothing wrong with a man giving a garment or something else to another, saying, 'Sell this for such an amount, and whatever you get more is for you.)

Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: While ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattāb (may Allah be pleased with him) was delivering a Friday sermon, ‘Uthmān ibn ‘Affān (may Allah be pleased with him) came in. ‘Umar made a remark about him, saying: "Why do some men come late after the call to prayer?" ‘Uthmān replied: "O Commander of the Believers, as soon as I heard the call to prayer, I went to perform ablution and then came." ‘Umar said: "Ablution as well! Have you not heard the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) say: "When any of you comes to the Friday prayer, let him perform Ghusl?'' This incident was used as evidence by those who adopt the opinion that making Ghusl on Friday is obligatory, as well as those who adopt the opinion that it is not obligatory.

Numerous Hadīths have been reported regarding the prohibition of making images, yet there is a disagreement among scholars regarding the ruling on photographic images.

Scholars differed regarding the confirmation of the option to cancel a sale within the assembly (khiyār al-Majlis). Imam Mālik believed that it is not confirmed, while Ash-Shāfi‘i and Ahmad held the view that it is. A man said to Imam Mālik ibn Anas: "O Abu ‘Abdullah, did you know of the Hadīth that states: "The two parties in a sale have the option to cancel it"?' Imam Mālik replied: "Yes I did, and you were then playing with children in Al-Baqī‘ cemetery." Another man asked him: "Why did you narrate the Hadīth: "The two parties in a sale have the option to cancel it" in the Muwatta’, yet you did not act upon it?" Imam Mālik replied: "So that an ignorant person like you knows that I did not act upon it despite knowing it."

Courses

Fiqh Qualification according to the school of Imām Mālik

Fiqh of acts of worship

Book of exercises

Comprehensive questions on the section of Tahārah (ritual purification)

List the categories of Tahārah (ritual purification).

List the categories of water, explaining the difference between "Tāhir" (pure) and "Tahūr" (purifying), and what are the categories of each?

What is the ruling on using vessels made of gold and silver, and is it permissible to possess them for decoration? Is there any exception to this ruling?

What is the original ruling regarding men adorning themselves with silver, and what are the circumstances in which the original ruling is not applied?

List the obligatory and Sunnah acts in ablution.

How many favorable acts does ablution have? Mention six of them.

Mention the categories of invalidators of ablution, and what falls under each category?

List the things prohibited for a person in a state of minor Hadath.

Mention the types of removing what comes out of bodily passages, and what are the conditions of Istijmār?

In which places is it disliked to answer the call of nature?

What are the cases of the injured limb, and what is obligatory on the one purifying himself in each case?

When should one with a splint shift from ablution to Tayammum, and what is the situation in which both are combined?

State the conditions for wiping over the leather socks, what is its duration, and what is the ruling on the prayer of one who leaves wiping the underside of the leather sock?

What necessitates a ritual bath? Mention three of its obligatory acts.

Mention three of the Sunnah acts of the ritual bath and four of its favorable acts.

What are the rulings that a person in a state of major impurity (Janābah) is prohibited from?

What are the types of blood discharged from a woman's vagina?

What is the minimum duration of menstruation, what is the minimum period of purity, and what are its signs?

Clarify the ruling for each of the following: a woman experiencing her first menstruation, a pregnant woman, and a woman with a regular cycle, in the case where the blood does not cease.

What is the ruling concerning a woman whose state of purity is intermittent?

What is the minimum and maximum duration of post-natal bleeding?

Mention five matters that are forbidden on account of menstruation.

Who is permitted to perform Tayammum and what are the reasons that make it permissible?

List the obligatory acts, Sunnah acts, and favorable acts of Tayammum.

State the conditions and invalidators of Tayammum, and what is the ruling in the absence of both purifying agents?

List the categories of substances in general, and what is the original state of both living animals and inanimate objects?

What is the ruling on removing impurities during prayer, from what must they be removed, and when does the prayer of one who is contaminated with impurity become invalid?

Mention five excused impurities.

State the ruling on benefiting from impure substances and those affected by impurity, and mention three substances affected by impurity that cannot be purified.

Comprehensive questions on the rulings of prayer

List the times for the five daily prayers, and mention the difference between the necessary time and the optional time.

State the ruling of the Adhān (call to prayer), its recommended acts, and the conditions for its validity.

When is observing the prescribed sequence between prayers a conditional obligation, and when is it an unconditional obligation, and how to make up for missed prayers?

Mention four times during which performing supererogatory prayers is strictly prohibited, and three times during which it is disliked.

List the obligatory and Sunnah acts in prayer.

List five of each: (prayer's favorable acts, its disliked acts, and its invalidators).

What are the types of prostration of forgetfulness in prayer, mentioning the reasons for each type, and what are the Sunnah acts for which one prostrates? Also clarify the ruling for the latecomer if the imam forgets.

Mention the types of prayers based on their rulings, clarifying what falls under each type.

What are the conditions of the Friday prayer, mentioning three from each of: its Sunnah acts, its recommended acts, its disliked acts, and what is prohibited on its day?

What is the ruling on congregational prayer? Mention the conditions for the one led in prayer to follow the imam.

What are the conditions related to the imam? Mention three people whose leading prayer is disliked in all circumstances.

What is the meaning of Istikhlāf in prayer, and what are its causes?

List the conditions for the obligation of prayer over the deceased, explaining the pillars of the funeral prayer.

When is washing the deceased waived and Tayammum is required? And who is prioritized in washing the woman when there are many people to do so?

What is the ruling on shrouding the deceased, and what is obligatory in it? Mention three of its recommended practices.

Mention three recommended practices of burial, and three disliked ones.

List the confirmed supererogatory prayers, describing the nature of each type, and what is the Raghībah according to the Māliki school?

What is the prescribed time for the Witr prayer, and what are its conditions?

How is the Eid prayer performed? Mention three of its recommended acts.

What is the prescribed time for the Kusūf (solar eclipse) prayer? How is it performed, and what are its recommended acts?

What is the ruling on the Istisqā’ (rain-seeking) prayer? When is its time? And how is it performed? Explain four of its recommended acts.

What is the ruling on the prostration of recitation? And to whom is it addressed?

What are the conditions for shortening the prayer during travel? List the reasons for combining the prayers.

What are the conditions for the prayer of fear? How is it performed when fear intensifies?

Comprehensive questions on the section of Zakah

Mention the conditions of the obligation of Zakah.

List the types of property on which Zakah is due.

What is the Nisāb (Zaktable amount) of gold and silver in grams?

How is Zakah paid on an usurped item, and is there a difference between it and a deposited one?

How is Zakah paid on the profit from livestock?

What is the due amount of Zakah on cultivated crops, and what are the categories liable for it?

What is the difference between Zakah on minerals and Zakah on buried treasure?

How is Zakah calculated on trade goods?

Who are the eligible recipients of Zakah?

List the categories of recipients to whom it is impermissible to give Zakah.

Who are the eligible recipients of Zakat al-Fitr and what are the categories from which it is given?

What is the duration of the wiping period, and what is the ruling on the prayer of one who neglects wiping over the bottom of the Khuff (leather socks)?

Comprehensive questions on the rulings of fasting

Mention the conditions for the obligation of fasting.

List the types of fasting based on its ruling.

What is the ruling of fasting on Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Ad'ha days?

What is the ruling of fasting on the 12th of Dhul-Hijjah?

What is the obligatory fasting?

Mention four types of recommended fasting.

What is the ruling on fasting the six days of Shawwāl?

How is the start of Ramadan established?

List the things that invalidate the fast.

List the categories of those who break the fast, providing an example for each category.

Mention 4 of the Sunnah acts related to fasting.

What is the ruling on smelling perfume for the fasting person?

What is the ruling on the fasting person kissing his wife?

Mention 3 disliked acts for the fasting person.

What is the ruling on I‘tikāf?

What are the conditions for I‘tikāf?

Comprehensive questions on the rulings of Hajj rituals (and oaths and vows)

Mention the conditions for the obligation of Hajj.

What are the types of the obligatory Hajj?

List the pillars of Hajj.

List the obligatory acts of Hajj.

What is the difference between a pillar and an obligatory act?

List the prohibited acts during Ihrām, explaining what is required of those who commit any of them.

What are the pillars of ‘Umrah?

What are the types of terminations of Ihrām in Hajj?

Mention 4 examples of sacrificial animals commanded by the Sharia

What types of animals can be slaughtered for ’Ud'hiyah and the like?

What is the prescribed time for slaughtering the ’Ud'hiyah?

What is the prescribed time for slaughtering the ‘Aqīqah?

How many animals are slaughtered for the ‘Aqīqah of a newborn?

What are the types of Dhakāh (Sharia-approved slaughter), explaining 4 conditions for its slaughter?

State the conditions of hunting.

List the categories of the oath, explaining what is included in each category.

What is the obligatory expiation for breaking an oath? Mention the situations in which it is not required.

Mention the pillars of a vow and its types.

State three cases where fulfilling a vow is not obligatory.

Comprehensive questions on the rulings of Jihād

What is the ruling on Jihād?

What are the conditions for the obligation of Jihād concerning the fighters?

What are the conditions for a person to be considered a Muqātal (those fought by the Muslims)?

List the categories of disbelievers who are not permissible to be killed. When is it permissible to kill these categories?

When is fleeing from the army of the disbelievers prohibited?

Explain the categories of war booty, and the ruling regarding each category.

Mention the conditions for the permissibility of race with reward.

Question 1: Mention the ruling regarding the following in prayer:

Case

Its ruling in the prayer

Condition for the obligation

Condition for the validity

Condition for the obligation and validity

Not a condition

Reason

Being a Muslim

Puberty

Commencement of due time

Covering the ‘Awrah

Purity from Khabath (filth and dirt)

Intention

Facing the Qiblah

Making Taslīm

Saying Takbīr Al-Ihrām (the opening Takbīr)

Question 2: Identify the type of water in the following:

Water

Its type

Tahūr (purifying water)

Tahūr (purifying water)

Disliked when alternative available.

Tāhir (pure)

Najis (impure)

Water whose color changed by soap falling into it.

Water whose owner wanted to warm, so he exposed it to the sun (in the land of Hijaz).

Water whose owner wanted to warm, so he exposed it to the sun (in the land of Sham).

Water in a tank with a capacity of 500 liters from which a dog licked, what is the ruling on this water?

Water amounting to 1 liter in which a drop of urine fell, but its properties remain unchanged.

Water amounting to 100 liters in which a drop of urine fell, but its properties remain unchanged.

A man performed ablution and collected the water that dripped from his limbs due to the scarcity of water, what is the ruling on this water?

Water whose color changed due to its stillness for a long time.

Water whose taste has changed due to its running over the soil.

Water in a vessel whose smell has changed due to a nearby carcass.

A man collected hail that fell from the sky in a container and waited for it to melt to perform ablution with it, what is the ruling on this water?

Question 3: What is the ruling regarding the use of vessels in the following cases:

Vessel

Its ruling

Permissible

Prohibited

Disliked

A woman bought a jug of gold to adorn the house.

Vessel made from a mixture of gold and silver.

Vessel guised as gold.

Vessel covered with silver.

Vessel mended by silver.

A vessel made of ruby used for drinking.

Wooden vessel.

Glass vessel.

Question 4: Mention the ruling regarding the following cases:

Issue

Ruling

Permissibly

Impermissibility

Dislikedness

A silver bracelet for a woman.

Comb made of silver for a woman.

A man wears two silver rings, and the amount of silver in them is less than two Dirhams.

A man wears a silver ring in which the measure of silver is two Dirhams.

A Mus'haf embellished with gold.

A sword adorned with silver for a man.

A silver ring for a woman, where the amount of silver exceeds two Dirhams.

A man got a nose of gold instead of his severed nose.

A man wore a silver ring with a gold bezel.

Question 5: Mention the status for each of the following acts of ablution: is it obligatory, Sunnah, or a virtuous act?

Act

Its status

Obligatory

Sunnah

A virtuous act

Wiping over the head back and forth

Making Istinshāq (sniffing water into the nose)

Using the Siwāk

Using new water for the ears

Rinsing the mouth

Starting by wiping the head from the front

Washing the hands up to the elbows

Immediateness

Washing the hands up to the elbows at the beginning

Washing the face

Observing the sequence of the Sunnah acts

Wiping the ears

Vessel to the right side

Rubbing the parts being washed

Minimizing the amount of water used while ensuring thoroughness

Mentioning Allah's name

Observing the sequence of Sunnah acts with the obligatory acts

Clean place

Starting with the right side parts

Washing the parts twice and thrice

Observing the sequence of obligatory acts

Question 6: State whether ablution is invalidated in the following cases:

Case

Ruling of ablution

Not invalidated

Invalidated

Stone came out of his anus

One who is certain of ritual purity but doubts the occurrence of what invalidates it—outside the prayer

Certainty of ritual impurity and doubt in purity -outside of prayer-

During the prayer, he doubts whether he has passed wind or not

One who is certain of both ritual impurity and purity but doubts which of them occurred first –outside of prayer–

Someone intentionally touched his male organ with the back of his hand

Someone slept while sitting and his prayer beads fell from his hand without him realizing it

Touching a young girl who is not typically an object of desire with the intention of pleasure

Touching a beardless youth with lust

He touched his wife without the intention of pleasure, but felt it during the touch

He was in a long sleep on his back and had a strand of prayer beads in his hand. It fell, and he noticed it immediately

A white fluid came out of the woman's vagina before childbirth

A man touched his own anus

A woman touched her private part

Question 7: What is the ruling regarding ablution in the following cases:

The case

Ruling on ablution

Valid

Invalid

Someone had a wound on his hand and, fearing that washing it would cause harm, he tied a bandage over it and wiped over the bandage—knowing that he could have wiped over the wound itself without harm

Someone placed a splint on a wound and wiped over it without being in a state of ablution

Someone performed ablution and wiped over his thick socks

Someone performed ablution and wiped over his turban

He wiped over his socks ten days after having worn them while being in a state of ritual purity

He wiped over the topside of his leather socks apart from the underside

He wiped over the leather socks on a journey of disobedience

He washed his right foot and put on the right sock, then the left foot and put on the left one. After his ablution was invalidated, he wiped over his socks

Question 8: What is the ruling regarding Ghusl in the following cases:

Case

Ruling on Ghusl

Valid

Invalid

Someone immersed his body in water, intending to perform Ghusl, but did not rub his body.

Someone performed Ghusl with the intention of cooling down.

His beard hair is thick, so he washed the outward part and did not run his fingers through it.

Omitting rinsing the mouth and sniffing water into the nose intentionally

Forgot to wash one of his feet and remembered an hour later, so he washed the foot he had forgotten and did not rewash the rest of the limbs

Deliberately leaving out Tasmiyah

Question 9: Is Ghusl required in the following cases:

Case

Is Ghusl obligatory?

Yes

No

A woman gave birth and her child came out dry, with no blood

He woke up from his sleep and found dry semen

He woke up from his sleep, found wetness, and did not know whether it was semen or pre-ejaculatory fluid

He rode a mount, and semen was discharged from him due to its jolting

Question 10: Identify the type of blood in the following cases:

Case

Type of blood

Menstruation

Postpartum bleeding

Istihādah (vaginal bleeding outside of menstruation)

A woman was pure for (15) days, then she saw a brownish discharge on the 16th day. What is the ruling on the brownish discharge?

A woman became pure for 13 days, then saw a yellowish discharge on the fourteenth day. What is the ruling on the yellowish discharge?

A woman became pure for (15) days, then had a single discharge of blood, which then stopped.

A woman with a regular cycle of five days completed her usual period, but the bleeding continued for two more days. What is the ruling on the bleeding during these two days?

A woman with a regular cycle had her period for seven days, then became pure for 17 days, then saw a yellowish discharge on the eighteenth day. What is the ruling on the yellowish discharge?

A woman, in her first menses, experienced menstrual bleeding for (15) days, then became pure for 5 days, then had bleeding for seven days. What is the ruling on the bleeding during those seven days?

A woman with a regular cycle of five days had her period for its usual duration. The bleeding then continued for four additional days. What is the ruling on the bleeding on the fourth day?

A woman experiencing postpartum bleeding had bleeding for (40) days, then became pure for (10) days, then had bleeding again on the fiftieth day. What is the ruling on the bleeding that occurred on the fiftieth day?

A woman experiencing postpartum bleeding had bleeding for 40 days, then it stopped for 15 days, then it returned on the fifty-sixth day. What is the ruling on the bleeding that occurred on the fifty-sixth day?

A pregnant woman in her eighth month bled for 15 days, then it stopped for 5 days, then the bleeding returned. What is this latter bleeding?

Question 11: Mention what each of the following descriptions prohibits:

Category

What is prohibited

Prayer

Recitation of the Qur’an

Touching the Mus'haf

Entering the mosque

Tawāf

Sexual intercourse

Fasting

Divorce

I‘tikāf (seclusion for worship)

Dhikr

Menstruation

Postpartum bleeding

Al-janābah (Major ritual impurity)

Minor impurity

Question 12: What is the ruling regarding Tayammum in the following cases:

Case

Ruling on Tayammum

Valid

Invalid

A resident who could not find water performed Tayammum and prayed the Jumu‘ah prayer

He feared that if he searched for water, the prescribed time would expire, so he performed Tayammum

A person in a state of Janābah feared that making Ghusl would cause the optional prayer time to end, so he performed Tayammum

Someone found water at double the usual price, so he performed Tayammum

Someone performed Tayammum and intentionally left out the prescribed order

He used stones in the presence of dust

Someone performed Tayammum on the snow and prayed

He remembered he had water in his baggage during the prayer

He performed Tayammum before the prayer's time became due

He performed Tayammum, but before offering the prayer, his phone rang and he became occupied with it for half an hour, then he prayed

Question 13: What is the ruling regarding the following objects in the table in terms of their purity or impurity:

Object

Pure

Impure

A dead sheep was burned until it became ashes

Congealed blood at the place of slaughter

Wine was processed by a person until it became vinegar

Blood found in the veins of a sheep that died without lawful slaughter

The dog's saliva

Live pig's milk

Dead sea crab

The excrement of a living pig

The corpse of a combatant disbeliever

Mucus of a live pig

Worms generated from impurity

The waste of a chicken that feeds on impurities

The tail of a sheep that was cut off during its life

The excrement of cats

The tail of a sheep that was cut off after it died without being ritually slaughtered

Vomit changed by sourness

The tail of a sheep is cut from it after its death by lawful slaughter

Eggs of chickens that feed on impurities

The tail of a horse that was cut off after its death by ritual slaughter

Milk of a sheep that feeds on impurities

Cat saliva

A man's semen

Wool shorn from a dead sheep

The black substance that comes out of the stomach

The cat died on account of the slaughter

She-wolf's milk

Hair uprooted from a living camel's skin

Eggs found inside a chicken that died from a disease

The bile that comes out of the stomach

Mucus came out from the nose of a sheep that had died without being ritually slaughtered

Urine of a six-month-old baby boy

Dead fly

Question 14: Mention the ruling of the prayer in the following cases:

Case

Ruling on prayer

Valid

invalid

During the Prayer, Ahmad remembered that there was urine on his garment, yet he continued the prayer.

After the prayer, Ahmad remembered that there was urine on his garment.

Only enough time remained to perform four Rak‘ahs before sunset, and Ahmad had only an impure garment, with water far from him, so he prayed in that garment. What is the ruling on his prayer?

Ahmad prayed in an open area, and some pigeon droppings fell and remained on his clothes. Was it correct for him to complete the prayer?

A dry donkey dropping fell on Ahmad during his prayer, then rolled off without leaving a trace on him, so he completed the prayer.

Ahmad prayed on a prayer mat and remembered that there was an impurity under it, but he completed his prayer.

Ahmad offered prayer and saw on his garment a small drop of urine, smaller in size than a dirham.

During the prayer, Ahmad saw on his garment a drop of pus equal in size to a dirham.

A man passed through a neighborhood of Ahl-Adh-Dhimmah (non-Muslims in a Muslim land), and a liquid of an unknown nature spilled on his clothes. What is the ruling on his prayer in that garment?

What is the ruling concerning the prayer of a man who suffers from persistent urinary incontinence, performed in the clothes he is wearing.

He washed his garment from blood, and a faint stain of its color remained that water could not remove despite repeated washings. Is his prayer in this garment valid?

Question 15: Mark (true) in the appropriate box:

Note: 'The first' refers to the Zhuhr or ‘Asr prayer, and 'the second' refers to the ‘Asr or ‘Ishā’ prayer, depending on the question.

Case

Obligatory

They are both waived

The first only

The second only

The first and the second

A traveling woman becomes pure before sunset when, after estimating the time for her purification, there is enough time remaining to offer four Rak‘ahs.

A traveling woman attained purity before dawn, and enough time remained for her before the break of dawn—after estimating the time for purification—to offer four Rak‘ahs.

A resident disbeliever converted to Islam, and there remained before sunset - after estimating the time for purification - only enough time for four Rak‘ahs and two prostrations.

He slept before sunset and did not pray Maghrib and ‘Ishā’, then he awoke when only enough time for one Rak‘ah remained before Fajr.

She began menstruating shortly before sunset and had not prayed the Dhuhr and ‘Asr prayers.

A woman starts her menses when only enough time for one Rak‘ah remained before the break of dawn, having not yet prayed the Maghrib and ‘Ishā’.

She began her menses before praying the Dhuhr and ‘Asr prayers, with only enough time left before sunset to perform two prostrations and the final sitting (after estimating the time required for purification).

Her menstruation began before she had prayed the Dhuhr and ‘Asr prayers, with only enough time remaining before sunset for two prostrations and the final sitting, without estimating for the time needed for purification.

Question 16: State the ruling on the Adhān in the following cases:

Case

Ruling of Adhān

Valid

Invalid

The muezzin was late, so a Jewish man residing near the mosque called the Adhān.

The muezzin woke up when the prayer time began, while he was in a state of Janābah. He feared that if he performed Ghusl (ritual bath), he would be late, so he called the Adhān while in a state of Janābah.

Calling Adhān with his back to the direction of Ka‘bah.

Adhān was called by a slave.

A woman called the Adhān due to the absence of a male muezzin.

The muezzin called the Adhān for Fajr prayer fifteen minutes before dawn.

He called the Adhān sitting without an excuse.

Question 17: Mention the ruling regarding the following cases:

Case

Ruling

His prayer is valid and he completes it.

Invalid prayer, and he should terminate it

He incurs sin if he persists, but his prayer is valid.

He remembered that he had not prayed the ‘Asr prayer while in the first Rak‘ah of the Maghrib prayer.

He remembered that he had not performed the Maghrib prayer while in the fourth Rak‘ah of the ‘Ishā’ prayer.

He remembered in the first Rak‘ah of the ‘Asr prayer that he had not prayed Zhuhr.

Someone was in a state of Janābah and forgot to perform Ghusl. He offered the Fajr, Dhuhr, ‘Asr, and Maghrib prayers, and remembered this during the first Rak‘ah of the ‘Ishā’ prayer.

He became in a state of Janābah and forgot to perform Ghusl, so he prayed Fajr, Dhuhr, ‘Asr, Maghrib, ‘Ishā’, and the Fajr prayer of the following day. He then remembered that during the first Rak‘ah of the Dhuhr prayer on the second day.

Question 18: Clarify the ruling of prayer in the following cases:

Case

Ruling of prayer

lawful

Disliked

Impermissible

The time of the Friday prayer started and he saw the Khatīb (orator) entering for the sermon, so he offered two Rak‘ahs.

He performed the obligatory morning prayer at sunrise.

He prostrated for the recitation after the sun had turned yellow.

He remembered that he had not offered the morning prayer, so he offered it at sunset.

He entered the mosque after the Iqāmah for Fajr prayer had been called, so he prayed the Sunnah and caught up with the imam in the first Rak‘ah.

The time for ‘Asr prayer commenced, and he remembered that he did not pray Zhuhr, so he prayed ‘Asr then Zhuhr.

Question 19: Mark the correct box:

Case

Its ruling in the prayer

Pillar

Sunnah

Virtuous act

Disliked

Raising the hands in the Takbīr of Ihrām

Sutrah (prayer barrier)

Takbīr upon rising from prostration

Saying: "Rabbanā wa Lakal Hamd" (Our Lord, to You belongs all praise)

Secret recitation

Saying: "Bismillāh" (in the name of Allah)

Making the recitation moderate in the ‘Ishā’ prayer

Bowing

Sitting for the Tashahhud

Prostration on the nose and the hands

Intention

The first sitting

The second Tashahhud

Recitation aloud of Al-Fātihah in the audible prayers

Recitation of a Sūrah

Seeking refuge with Allah from the devil before recitation

Sitting for the Taslīm

Tranquility

Reciting Al-Fatihah by the follower in the silent prayer

The opening supplication

Qunūt supplication in the morning prayer

Standing straight

The imam saying 'Amen' in inaudible prayers

The first Tashahhud

Saying "Sami‘a Allahu Liman Hamidah"

Raising the voice for the Taslīm

Question 20: Mark the appropriate box:

Case

Ruling on prayer

Valid

Invalid

He supplicated during his prostration in a non-Arabic language, even though he is good at Arabic.

Someone prayed carrying an impurity in his sleeve.

He prayed with his hands on his waist.

He led the people in prayer while in a state of ritual impurity and was not aware of that until after the prayer was finished. What is the ruling on the prayer of the followers?

He intentionally ate a small amount during the prayer and prostrated for forgetfulness.

Changed vomit came out of him involuntarily during the prayer.

He offered Taslīm out of forgetfulness, re-entered the prayer, and prostrated for forgetfulness.

He caught up with the imam in the final sitting and performed the pre-Taslīm prostration (of forgetfulness) with him.

Intentionally leaving out the Tasbīh in bowing and prostration.

He forgetfully added three Rak‘ahs to the Maghrib prayer, so he performed the post-Taslīm prostrations.

Question 21: Place the answer in the correct box:

Issue

Ruling

The pre-Taslīm prostration is due upon him.

The post-Taslīm prostration is due upon him.

Nothing is due upon him.

His prayer is invalid.

He forgot a Takbīr and a Tasmī‘ (saying: Sami‘allāhu Liman Hamidah) in one of the Rak‘ahs.

He forgot two Takbīrs in two different Rak‘ahs.

He forgot the Tasmī‘ in the first Rakʻah.

He forgot the recitation of the Sūrah.

He forgot to recite the Sūrah and added a Rak‘ah out of forgetfulness.

He doubted whether he performed three or four Rak‘ahs in Zhuhr prayer, so he added an extra Rak‘ah.

He added four Rak‘ahs to the Zhuhr prayer out of forgetfulness.

He forgetfully made Taslīm after two Rak‘ahs, then re-entered the prayer and completed it.

He spoke forgetfully during his prayer.

Audible recitation in an inaudible prayer.

Inaudible recitation in an audible prayer.

Forgetting Qunūt invocation in the morning prayer.

He forgot the pre-Taslīm prostration until he made Taslīm, then he remembered it shortly after finishing the prayer.

He caught up with the imam during the last sitting and performed the pre-Taslīm prostration with him.

He forgot the pre-Taslīm prostration (due to omitting the middle Tashahhud) until he made Taslīm and left the mosque.

Reciting two Surahs after Al-Fātihah in one Rak‘ah.

Laughing forgetfully in the payer.

Listening attentively to a speaker for a short while during prayer.

He forgetfully blew (huffed) in his prayer.

He sneezed in his prayer and praised Allah.

He forgetfully turned his head during the prayer but did not turn his back to the Qiblah.

He made a mistake in the recitation involving a word not from the Qur’an.

Repeating Sūrat al-Fātihah inadvertently.

He prostrated on one side of the forehead.

A follower forgetfully did not recite Al-Fātihah behind his imam in an inaudible prayer.

One who is led in the prayer forgetfully left out a prostration behind his imam and made Taslīm with him.

After the imam's Taslīm, the one who joined the prayer late forgetfully omitted the Surah that follows Al-Fātihah in one of the Rak‘ahs.

The one who joined late was required to perform a post-Taslīm prostration following his imam, and a pre-Taslīm prostration because of his own mistake (while completing the prayer).

He concludes the prayer with Taslīm while being in doubt about the completion of his prayer.

He forgot to recite aloud in the Witr prayer.

He omitted the post-Taslīm prostration and did not remember it until after two days.

He added three Rak‘ahs to the Maghrib prayer.

He did not recite a Surah behind the imam.

Question 22: State the ruling of the Friday prayer in terms of validity and invalidity:

Issue

Ruling of Friday Prayer

Valid

Invalid

They performed Friday prayer before the time of Zawāl.

They performed the Friday prayer in a public hall.

An imam who is 100 km away from the mosque travels only to lead the Friday prayer, and then returns to his city.

He gave them the Friday sermon in English language.

They performed the Friday prayer after only one sermon.

The Khatīb did not recite any verse from the Qur’an in the sermon.

He delivered a sermon to them with his ablution invalidated.

He delivered a sermon to them and did not begin the sermon with praising Allah and invoking Allah's peace and blessings upon the Prophet (ﷺ).

A boy (not reaching puberty yet) led them in Friday prayer.

Question 23: Identify those upon whom Friday prayer is obligatory and those upon whom it is not, in the following cases:

Case

Ruling of Friday Prayer

Obligatory

Not obligatory

He is 30 km from the mosque and resides inside the city.

A slave with 20 meters between him and the mosque.

He resides outside the city and is 4 miles from the mosque.

The path that leads him to the mosque has much mud upon it.

A traveler intended to stay for three days in a city, and the Friday prayer was due while only a street separated his place of residence from the congregational mosque.

A resident does not find water for Ghusl while he is in a state of Janabah.

He is 20 km away from the congregational mosque, lives outside the city, and has a car.

Question 24: Mention the ruling regarding the leadership in prayer of the following categories:

Case

Ruling

His leading of prayer is valid (without dislike).

Not valid

Totally disliked

It is disliked for him to be in a position of an appointed imam

A boy leading an adult in an obligatory prayer

A blind person leading seeing people

One of unknown status leading others in prayer

An impotent person

Someone subject to Hadd punishment

A Fāsiq (defiantly disobedient by a physical act).

The inarticulate

A Bedouin leading an urban-dweller in prayer

The effeminate

The paralytic leading the sound person

The one afflicted with incontinence leading a healthy one

A blind man leading a blind congregation

The eunuch

The slave

A follower of the Shāfi‘i school leading a follower of the Māliki school

An uncircumcised person leading the prayer

A person with mild case of leprosy leading the prayer

Performing a supererogatory prayer leading someone performing obligatory prayer

Question 25: Mention the ruling regarding the following cases:

Case

Ruling

Only the imam's prayer is invalidated.

Only the followers' prayer is invalidated.

The prayer of both the imam and the followers is invalid.

The prayer is not invalidated.

An imam prayed, forgetting about his ritual impurity.

An imam laughing intentionally during the prayer.

An imam involuntarily broke his ablution during the prayer.

An imam ate a small amount forgetfully and prostrated for forgetfulness.

An imam added three Rak‘ahs to the Maghrib prayer out of forgetfulness and performed the prostration of forgetfulness after Taslīm, and the congregation followed him in that, despite being aware of the addition.

An imam forgetfully added four Rak‘ahs to the Zhuhr prayer and offered the prostration of forgetfulness after the Taslīm, and the congregation followed him in that, although they were aware of the addition.

The imam's ablution was nullified during the Friday prayer; he did not assign someone to lead in his place, nor did the followers, and they prayed individually.

Someone led the people in the Dhuhr prayer without the intention of being the imam.

Someone led the people in the Prayer of Fear without the intention of being the imam.

Three worshippers followed an imam without the intention of being led.

Question 26: Mention the ruling regarding the following cases:

Case

Ruling

Obligatory

Recommended

Permissible

Disliked

Prohibited

Placing the deceased on an elevated surface

Standing in the funeral prayer for one who is able

A woman's washing of the dead body of a boy of eight years

Placing the deceased on his right side with his face towards the Qiblah

Squeezing the deceased's abdomen and washing his private parts during the washing

Performing Tayammum for the deceased in case water is unavailable

The intention in the funeral prayer

Supplicating for the deceased after each Takbīr in the funeral prayer

Beginning the supplication with praising Allah and invoking Allah's peace and blessings upon the Prophet (ﷺ)

The shroud of the deceased should be an odd number, more than one layer

Building over the grave

Tying the deceased's jaw with a bandage

Offering condolences to the family of the deceased

Walking over the grave

Question 27: Mention the ruling regarding each of the following prayers:

Description

Ruling of prayer

Individual obligation

Communal obligation

Confirmed Sunnah

Confirmed supererogatory prayer

Disliked

Impermissible

Offering the Duha (Forenoon) prayer shortly before Zawāl (noon time)

Offering the Mosque-Greeting Prayer during sunset

Offering Tarāweih Prayer at homes

Offering the prostration of recitation after ‘Asr, and before daybreak

Lunar eclipse prayer

Solar eclipse prayer

Offering Witr prayer after the break of dawn for one who did not forget it

Offering a vowed prayer during sunrise

Offering the funeral prayer after ‘Asr, but before the sun turns yellow

Friday prayer for a man who has entered a city and intends to stay for four days

Solar eclipse prayer for the traveler

Offering the funeral prayer after the sun has turned yellow

Praying Witr during travel

The report of sighting the crescent moon was late, so they performed the Eid prayer an hour before noon

Offering the funeral prayer during sunset

Regular voluntary prayers

Question 28: Choose from the second column the number that corresponds to it based on your reading of the third column:

Prayer

Manner of performing it

The suitable number

Duha prayer

Raghībah of Fajr

Mosque-greeting prayer

Prostration of recitation

Lunar eclipse prayer

Solar eclipse prayer

Witr prayer

Tarāweih Prayer

Eid prayer

Two sermons

The Rātibah Sunnah prayer after Maghrib

Istisqā’ (rain-seeking) prayer

Voluntary Night prayer (Qiyām)

Descriptions

Two Rak‘ahs, like other supererogatory prayers

Two Rak‘ahs in congregation followed by two sermons

Twenty-three Rak‘ahs

Two Rak‘ahs, like other supererogatory prayers, repeated

Thirteen Rak‘ahs

One prostration without reciting Takbīrat-al-Ihrām or making Taslīm

Two Rak‘ahs with al-Fātihah only

Two Rak‘ahs in congregation with two bowings in each Rak‘ah followed by a sermon

Two Rak‘ahs in congregation with repeated Takbīrs in the subsequent standing

One Rak‘ah

The minimum is two Rak‘ahs and the maximum is eight

Question 29: Identify the correct and incorrect statements among the following:

Issue

Ruling

Combining and shortening prayers is permissible.

Only combining is permissible.

Only shortening is permissible.

It is not permissible to combine or shorten the prayers.

He traveled a distance of (100) km to attend a musical concert.

He traveled from Egypt to Makkah by ship.

A patient who finds it difficult to perform ablution for every prayer.

A congregation gathered for the Maghrib prayer on a day of heavy rain.

A man went hunting outside his city and did not realize until he had covered a distance of 100 km.

He traveled a distance of 65 km to attend a knowledge lesson.

He lives in Madīnah and has a wife in Jeddah; he stayed with her for three days.

Question 30: Is it valid to perform the prayer in the manner of the Fear Prayer in the following cases:

Case

Ruling

Valid

Invalid

They performed the prayer of fear while there was a distance of 100 km between them and the enemy army.

They prayed the prayer of fear during the fighting of the aggressors.

The battle broke out, and during it, they prayed individually, each according to his own situation, without bowing or prostration.

Question 31: Place the answer in the correct box:

Issue

Is Zakah obligatory?

Amount Due (when obligatory)

Obligatory

Not obligatory

One-tenth

Half of one-tenth

A quarter of one-tenth

One-fifth

One sheep

A free Jew owning one thousand dinars and one complete lunar year has passed.

A free Muslim owning 1,000 dinars and one complete lunar year has passed, and he owes a debt of 980 dinars.

A free Muslim owning 2,000 dirhams and one complete lunar year has passed, and he owes a debt of 1,820 dirhams.

He has a farm with different types of dates. He harvested from it 200 Sā‘ of Sukkari dates, 50 Sā‘ of Barni dates, and 60 Sā‘ of ‘Ajwah dates, and a full year (Hawl) has not yet passed over them (knowing that it is irrigated by irrigation machines).

A woman has jewelry with a weight equivalent to 300 gold dinars, and it is intended for personal use.

A free Muslim bought 20 sheep and 10 goats in the month of Muharram for milk and offspring. During the lunar year, they bred, bringing the total to 35 sheep and 20 goats. Is Zakah due in the month of Muharram of the second year?

He has 40 sheep that he purchased in Ramadan for trade, and a full lunar year has passed while they were in his possession.

He has ten camels that he bought in Muharram for milk and breeding. In the month of Dhul-Hijjah, they were afflicted with a disease and four of them died. The next Muharram began and their number was six.

For a person with a poultry farm for egg production, is Zakah due on the chickens?

He has a watermelon farm that produced 200 watermelons.

While digging a foundation for a house in his land, he found a jar containing buried Roman dinars worth 19 dinars of gold.

He was informed that there was a treasure in his land, so he hired a specialized search company for a large sum of money. After a long search, they found a treasure of rubies and emeralds bearing pre-Islamic markings.

A man has a copper mine from which 100 tons were extracted.

He harvested 250 Sā‘s of barley and 100 Sā‘s of wheat from his land, and it was watered by rain.

Question 32: Place the answer in the correct box:

Issue

Ruling on giving Zakah

Valid

Invalid

Paying from his Zakah to a Muslim traveler who lost his money during his journey, an amount that enables him to reach his country, even though this traveler is wealthy in his own country.

He resides in Egypt and has money in his country on which Zakah has become due, so he gave it to a pilgrim from his village and instructed him to give this money to the poor of the sanctuary of Makkah, knowing that his own country has many poor people who are in greater need.

A person who owed a certain amount of Zakah put it in an envelope, went to the mosque, and gave it to a man he did not know. It later transpired that the man who received it was an owner of companies and factories.

He gave the value of his Zakāt al-Fitr in cash to one of the poor.

He paid his Zakah four months before the lunar year elapsed.

Paid his Zakah to his brother who studies at the university and has no job.

Paid his Zakat-ul-Fitr to a Christian to reconcile his heart and encourage him towards Islam.

Paid his Zakah to a man who needed treatment for his daughter and had no money for it.

Paid Zakah of his wealth to complete the construction of the neighborhood mosque.

Paid his Zakah to a student of knowledge capable of earning.

Paid his Zakah to a man to perform the Hajj that he cannot afford.

Question 33: Place the answer in the correct box:

The Issue

Ruling regarding the commencement of the month

Established

Not established

The people of a land completed 30 days of Sha‘bān without sighting the crescent of Ramadan.

An upright person sighted the crescent of Ramadan in Madīnah. Is the advent of the month established for the people of Madīnah by his sighting?

The people sought to sight the crescent, and it was sighted by two men, one of whom is upright and the other is not. Is the month of fasting established by their sighting?

If the crescent is sighted by a large group of people, none of whom are of upright character, is the month established by their sighting?

An upright person sighted the crescent of Ramadan in a land whose people do not pay attention to moon sighting. Is the advent of the month established for the people of that land by his sighting?

Question 34: Place the answer in the correct box.

Issue

Ruling

Nothing is due upon him (and his action is permissible).

Nothing is due upon him (and his action is disliked).

He must only make up for the fast.

Making up the missed fast and feeding the poor

Only feeding the poor (as a recommendation)

Making up the missed fasts and expiation

He went to sleep early because of fatigue on the night when people seek the sighting of the crescent. When he woke up after Fajr, he was informed of the sighting of the crescent, so he made the intention to fast.

Eating forgetfully during the day while fasting.

A pregnant woman who had to make up for some missed fasts of Ramadan delayed due to her pregnancy until after the next Ramadan.

A fasting person intentionally chewed gum during the daytime without swallowing it.

Intentionally smelling perfume during the daytime in Ramadan.

He traveled a distance of 45 km and had intercourse with his wife during the day.

A suckling mother feared for her child and broke her fast.

He traveled a distance of 100 km, so he broke his fast and had sexual intercourse with his wife.

Trustworthy physicians informed him that he is unable to fast at all due to a chronic illness.

An old man.

He had a slight toothache, so he broke his fast without seeking a Fatwa.

Someone slept during the day and had a wet dream.

He ate thinking it was nighttime, then it became clear that dawn had broken.

Question 35: Place the answer in the correct box:

Issue

Ruling

Nothing is due upon him (and his action is permissible).

Nothing is due upon him (and his action is disliked).

He must only make up for the fast.

Making up the missed fast and feeding the poor.

Only feeding the poor (as a recommendation).

Making up for missed fasts and expiation.

A husband kissed his wife during the daytime in Ramadan, while knowing that he would not discharge semen.

A person had Hijāmah (cupping) therapy done for him during the daytime due to illness.

Someone rinsed his mouth due to thirst, and some water went down his throat unintentionally.

He intended to invalidate the fast during the daytime, but did not undertake any of the invalidators of the fast.

A person intentionally induced vomiting due to severe pain in the stomach during the daytime in Ramadan.

Being overcome by vomit and swallowing some of it unintentionally after it reaches the throat.

A person intentionally inhaled smoke during the daytime in Ramadan.

A nursing mother broke her fast because she feared for herself.

A husband repeatedly looked at his wife with desire, which caused him to discharge semen.

Question 36: What is the ruling regarding I‘tikāf in the following cases:

The case

Ruling of I‘tikāf (seclusion for worship in Ramadan)

Valid

Invalid

He entered the mosque and stayed in it for a day and a night during Ramadan, without the intention of I‘tikāf.

A person observes I‘tikāf with his young son. What is the ruling on the son's I‘tikāf, knowing that he is 4 years old?

A person observing I‘tikāf went to his house to eat out of necessity, as there was no one to bring him food to the mosque, and while in the house, he kissed his wife with desirable pleasure at night.

He left his place of I‘tikāf to visit a sick relative.

A person intended to observe I‘tikāf (seclusion for worship) while he was fasting, and then broke his fast.

He intended to observe I‘tikāf for 12 hours.

Question 37: State the ruling of Hajj in the following cases:

Issue

Ruling on Hajj

Valid

Invalid

Sufficient for the obligatory Hajj

Not sufficient for the obligatory Hajj

A woman performed Hajj without a Mahram nor a safe company.

He performed Hajj with his father when he was five years old.

A Christian performed Hajj with the Muslims out of curiosity to learn about the rite of Hajj. After the Hajj, Allah guided him to Islam and he converted. What is the ruling on his Hajj?

A slave performed Hajj with his master, and on the Day of Eid, his master sought to draw near to Allah the Exalted through his emancipation.

A poor person with many debts took a loan and performed Hajj with it, knowing that he is incapable of repaying it.

Question 38: Mention the ruling regarding the following cases of Hajj:

Case

Ruling on Hajj

Valid

Invalid

Nothing is due upon him.

He is required to slaughter an animal.

He is required to offer ailment ransom.

He passed the Mīqāt without assuming Ihrām, then returned and assumed Ihrām from there.

He made Talbiyah for Hajj from the Mīqāt, wearing his clothing.

He arrived in Makkah without performing the Arrival Tawāf.

He performed Sa‘y (walking at a brisk pace) between Safa and Marwah while in a state of ritual impurity.

He used a vehicle in the Tawāf without an excuse.

He performed Tawāf al-Ifādah, while the Sa‘y for Hajj was still incumbent upon him. He went to the hotel and slept for 3 hours, then went to the Haram and performed Sa‘y—noting that performing the Sa‘y after the Tawāf would not have posed a severe hardship for him.

He did not stay overnight at Mina without an excuse.

He performed the Arrival Tawāf and did not pray the two Rak‘ahs after it.

He left ‘Arafah before sunset.

He entered the state of Ihrām for Hajj and left out the Talbiyah altogether.

He applied oil to his head while in a state of Ihrām to moisturize it.

She covered her face with her Khimār (veil) in the presence of non-Mahram men.

She applied kohl in Hajj due to pain in her eye.

A husband had sexual intercourse with his wife during the night of Muzdalifah.

He was passing by a perfume shop near the Haram and smelled a perfume from it unintentionally.

He arrived late and stood at ‘Arafah half an hour before Fajr.

He returned to his country without performing the Farewell Tawāf.

Question 39: Mention the ruling regarding the following cases:

Case

Ruling

Sufficient

Not sufficient

On the twelfth day of Dhul-Hijjah, he sacrificed a 10-month-old lamb.

He sacrificed a one-year-old sheep on the 13th of Dhul-Hijjah.

He slaughtered his ’Ud'hiyah during the Imam's sermon.

He sacrificed a four-year-old cow after sunset.

He slaughtered ‘Aqīqah after three years.

He slaughtered one sheep on behalf of his son on the seventh day.

He slaughtered ‘Aqīqah offering for his daughter, a lame sheep with a manifest limp, on the seventh day.

Question 40: Mention the ruling regarding the following cases:

Case

Ruling

Lawful

Unlawful

A sheep was slaughtered by a woman with a sharp piece of glass after mentioning Allah's name.

He mentioned Allah’s name and slaughtered a sheep, cutting the two jugular veins but not the entire throat.

Cutting the head of a sheep with a sword from behind after saying 'Bismillāh (in the name of Allah)'.

A boy aged 8 years slaughtered a chicken.

A man slaughtered a sheep and forgot to mention Allah's name.

A sheep fell from a high place and its owner reached it moments before it died and slaughtered it; the blood gushed out, and it moved after the slaughter.

A manifestly sick sheep was slaughtered by its owner, and the blood flowed from it very slowly—and did not gush out.

He hunted a gazelle with a rifle, reached it while it was alive but did not slaughter it; it subsequently died from the effect of the bullet.

He let loose his trained dog after a rabbit and intentionally did not mention Allah's name.

He slaughtered a sheep without intention.

Question 41: State the ruling regarding the vow in the following cases:

Case

Ruling

Is it obligatory to fulfill?

Recommended

Disliked

Prohibited

Obligatory to fulfill

Not oblgiatory

A vow of fasting every Thursday.

He said: I make a vow to Allah to give a dinar in charity if I kill so-and-so, the Muslim.

He said: I owe Allah the fasting of three days if Allah cures my patient.

A man said: I make a vow to Allah Almighty to give a hundred dinars in charity.

Question 42: Identify whether expiation is obligatory or not in the following cases:

Case

Ruling

He must offer expiation

No expiation is due for him

He said: Meat is forbidden to me if I do such-and-such, then he did it.

He said: I swear by Allah I will not do this. Then he was compelled to do the act.

He said: By Allah, I will not do such-and-such, if Allah wills, then he did it.

He said he would be a disbeliever if he entered his relative's house, and then entered.

He said: He swore that Zayd had not come yesterday, believing he had not come, but he knew later that Zayd had indeed come.

Zayd swore an oath before the judge that he purchased this land from ‘Amr and paid its price, while he knew that he was lying in his claim.

Question 43: Mention the ruling regarding the following cases:

Case

Ruling

Individual obligation

Communal obligation

Recommended

Permissible

Prohibited

The enemy invades the lands of the Muslims, what is the ruling on Jihād in this case?

Performing Jihād with the ruler every year.

In one of the battles, the army of the Muslims was 5,000 and the army of the disbelievers was 1,000, yet the army of the Muslims withdrew to minimize losses.

The Muslim army numbers 13,000, and the army of the disbelievers is three times their number. What is the ruling on fleeing in this case?

Killing the secluded monk in his monastery during Jihād.

The ruler summoned a specific person due to the army's need for his expertise.

The granting of freedom to a belligerent disbeliever captive by the imam.

The ruler's granting of the spoils of the killed enemy to his Muslim killer.

Two men raced on horses, and each of them paid an amount, with the agreement that the winner would take the total sum.

Two men raced on horses, and a spectator promised the winner a prize.

Question 44: Fill in the blanks in the following:

Prayer

Due time

Start of the necessity time

Expiry of the optional time

Start of optional time

Expiry of the necessity time

Zhuhr

Fajr

Witr

‘Ishā’

‘Asr

Maghrib

The shared period between Zhuhr and ‘Asr in the optional time is: .............................................................

The shared period between Maghrib and ‘Ishā’ in the optional time is: .............................................................

The shared period between Zhuhr and ‘Asr in the time of necessity is: .............................................................

The shared period between Maghrib and ‘Ishā’ in the time of necessity is: .............................................................

The period exclusive to the necessity time of the ‘Asr prayer is: ................................................................................

The period exclusive to the necessity time for the ‘Ishā’ prayer is: ................................................................................

Curriculum

Fiqh Qualification According to the School of Imām Mālik

Fiqh of the Family

Book of Exercises

Comprehensive Questions on the Fiqh of Family

Mention the ruling on marriage.

What is the ruling on the engagement of a woman observing her ‘Iddah?

What are the essential elements of marriage? What are the conditions for the matrimonial guardian? And what are the types of guardianship?

List the conditions of marriage, and in what aspects is equivalence/suitability considered?

Mention six of the impediments to marriage.

Mention the types of invalid marriage.

When is the option of annulment established in marriage, and what are the defects specific to the husband?

What are the causes of maintenance, and when is it obligatory for a husband to provide for his wife with whom he has not consummated the marriage?

List the essential elements of Khul‘. What is the ruling on divorce?

What are the essential elements of divorce? What are its categories?

What are the conditions for both Īlā’ and Li‘ān, and what are the essential elements of Zhihār?

Mention the types of women observing ‘Iddah, and the ‘Iddah (waiting period) for each type.

Is the woman observing her ‘Iddah entitled to maintenance and accommodation? Answer in detail.

Mention, in order, who is most entitled to child custody.

Question 1: What is the ruling regarding marriage in the following cases:

Case

Ruling

Obligatory

Recommended

Prohibited

Permissible

Disliked

A religious young man who lives in an environment full of temptations and fears falling into what is forbidden.

A man of old age who has no desire for marriage, but hopes to be blessed with children should he marry.

A young man who desires marriage and has no fear of falling into what is forbidden.

A young man with a desire for marriage who does not fear falling into what is forbidden, but fears that if he marries, he would be compelled to provide for his wife from a forbidden source.

A young man with a desire for marriage lives in an environment full of temptations; he fears falling into what is forbidden, and also fears that if he marries, he will be forced to provide for his wife from a forbidden source.

An old man who has no desire for marriage, and does not expect to be blessed with children if he were to marry.

Question 2: Mention the ruling on the engagement in the following cases:

Case

Ruling on engagement

Permissible

Not permissible

A woman was proposed to by an alcohol addict, and she and her family were inclined towards him. A righteous man then proposed to her, knowing of their inclination towards the first suitor.

A woman whose husband had divorced her once, and during her waiting period, her husband's friend indirectly proposed to her.

A woman whose husband had divorced her thrice, and during her waiting period, her husband's friend directly proposed to her.

A woman whose husband had divorced her thrice, and during her waiting period, her husband's friend indirectly proposed to her.

A woman whose husband had passed away, and during her waiting period, her husband's friend directly proposed to her.

A woman was proposed to by a man of outwardly acceptable character, and she and her family were inclined towards him. Then, she was proposed to by a righteous man who was aware of their inclination towards the first.

Question 3: Mention the ruling regarding marriage in the following cases:

Case

Ruling

Valid

Invalid

A Christian woman became Muslim and married a Muslim, and her Christian father concluded the marriage contract for her.

A five-year-old girl was married off by her father to a man without her consent and without her mother's consent.

He concluded a marriage contract for his daughter after he assumed Ihrām at the Mīqāt, given that the couple did not assume Ihrām.

A guardian concluded a marriage contract for his daughter with a man before a notary public, and both of them signed the consent, but did not verbally pronounce the formula.

A guardian contracted a marriage for his daughter with a man in the presence of two upright witnesses. The man said first: "Marry off your daughter, so-and-so, to me for a dowry of such-and-such." The father replied: "I accept."

A woman whose husband had divorced her thrice, and during her waiting period, she married another man.

A woman was in her ninth month of pregnancy when her husband died. Five days after his death, she gave birth and married a month later.

He traveled to India for his studies and married a woman of the Buddhist faith out of fear of falling into temptation.

A guardian contracted a marriage for his daughter with a man in the presence of two upright witnesses, and all parties agreed to conceal the marriage.

A guardian contracted his daughter in marriage to a man in the presence of two upright witnesses, and the dowry was 10 riyals.

A guardian contracted a marriage for his daughter with a man in the presence of two upright witnesses, and the dowry was 10 bottles of wine.

A man contracted marriage with the wife of his maternal grandfather—after the death of the grandfather—.

A man contracted marriage with a woman and divorced her before consummating the marriage. After a month, he contracted marriage with her daughter.

A man has two wives. His son from the second wife wishes to marry a woman who was breastfed by the first wife.

A man wishes to marry the sister of his brother through breastfeeding–knowing that the woman who breastfed is the woman's mother. What is the ruling?

A man committed adultery with a woman, and she became pregnant by him. During the pregnancy, he wished to contract the marriage with her, given that they had both repented from the immoral act.

Question 4: What is the ruling regarding marriage in the following cases:

Case

Valid

Invalid

Before consummation and after it, unless a long time has passed.

Absolutely/Unconditionally

Before consummation only

A man contracted marriage with a woman with a dowry, a guardian, and two witnesses for a period of 6 months.

A guardian contracted his daughter's marriage to a man in the presence of two upright witnesses, and all parties agreed to conceal the marriage.

A guardian contracted his daughter's marriage to a man in the presence of two upright witnesses, and the dowry was 10 bottles of wine.

A man contracted marriage with a woman with a dowry, a guardian, and two witnesses, and she stipulated the condition of no sexual intercourse, and he agreed to the condition.

A man contracted marriage with a woman with a dowry, a guardian, and two witnesses, and she stipulated that he shall not marry another wife.

A man contracted marriage with a woman with a guardian and two witnesses and said to her guardian: The dowry is what is in this wallet, and the latter agreed without knowing its contents.

Question 5: Is the option of annulment established for the spouses in the following cases:

Case

Is the cancellation option established?

Established

Not established

After her marriage, she discovered that her husband was impotent.

He discovered after the marriage that she was afflicted with a foul odor in her mouth.

One year after marriage, the man became insane.

A year after marriage, the wife became insane.

She knew before the contract that her husband had his male organ amputated, but did not request the annulment until a month after the marriage.

Question 6: Is maintenance obligatory in the following cases:

Case

Is maintenance obligatory?

Obligatory

Not obligatory

A man married an adult woman and consummated the marriage with her, but she did not allow him to have sexual intercourse.

He married a girl who had not reached the age of puberty (but was physically capable of intercourse), and he did not consummate the marriage with her, nor was he called to consummate it.

A man married a girl who had not reached puberty (one who was physically capable of intercourse) and did not consummate the marriage with her. He was called upon to consummate the marriage, but he requested a delay.

He is married and has poor parents, and is unable to spend on them due to his financial hardship.

Is it incumbent upon a well-off son to spend on his father's wife (who is not his mother), given that his father is indigent?

A man owns a horse kept in his stable. Is he obligated to spend on it?

Question 7: Mention the ruling regarding divorce in the following cases:

Case

Ruling of divorce

Obligatory

Recommended

Prohibited

Contrary to what is more appropriate

A man has a sharp-tongued wife and fears that if he divorces her, he would fall into immorality.

A man had a wife who was lacking in modesty and would adorn herself for men, so he divorced her.

A man has a sharp-tongued wife and fears that if he keeps her, he will beat her severely.

A man had a compatible wife and wanted to divorce her to marry another.

Question 8: Does divorce take effect in the following cases:

Case

Does the divorce take effect?

Takes effect

Does not take effect

A man was threatened by an oppressor with a severe beating if he did not divorce his wife.

A marriage was contracted for a man with a woman before he reached puberty. He divorced her immediately after the contract.

A married man drank wine until he lost his reason and divorced his wife thrice.

He divorced his wife via a message he sent to her mobile phone.

A man said to an unrelated woman: "If I marry you, then you are divorced," and he married her after a period of time.

He divorced his wife jokingly.

Question 9: Mention the type of divorce in the following cases:

Case

Effective

Ineffective

Type of divorce

Sunnah-compliant

Bid‘ah-based (not Sunnah-compliant)

Disliked

Prohibited

A man divorced his wife thrice in a single session.

He said to his wife: Your head is divorced.

He said to his wife: You are divorced half a divorce.

A man divorced his wife during a period of purity in which he had intercourse with her.

A man divorced his wife while she was in the post-natal bleeding period.

He said to his wife during a period of purity wherein no intercourse has occurred: You are divorced once.

Question 10: Identify the type of marital separation in the following cases:

Case

No separation

Annulment

Divorce

Type of divorce

Revocable

Irrevocable

Minor irrevocability

Major irrevocability

He married his sister through breastfeeding without knowing, and when he found out later, the judge separated them.

He invoked an oath of condemnation against his wife before the judge, who then separated them.

He contracted marriage with a woman, then divorced her before consummating the marriage with her.

She discovered after the consummation of the marriage that her husband had his penis amputated, so she brought her case before the judge, who separated them.

A wife requested separation from her husband in return for the dower, so he agreed and divorced her.

He swore not to have intercourse with his wife for a year, so she took her case to the judge. The judge ordered him to either divorce her or have intercourse with her, but he refused both, so the judge imposed a divorce upon him.

A slave divorced his wife twice.

He said to his wife: You are divorced thrice, and claimed that he did not intend divorce.

A man did not spend on his wife due to his financial hardship, so she brought her case to the judge, and he decreed a separation between them.

A man drank an excessive amount of grape juice and became intoxicated, during which he divorced his wife thrice.

He said to his wife: "You are severed," intending divorce.

A man divorced his wife thrice with a single pronouncement before consummating the marriage with her.

Question 11: Mention the ruling regarding the following cases:

Case

Ruling

Īlā’

Zhihār

Neither Īlā’ nor Zhihār

A man swore not to have sexual intercourse with his wife for a year, knowing that she is young (unable to bear intercourse).

A man said to a woman: If I marry you, you are to me like my sister's back.

A man said to a woman: If I marry you, by Allah, I will never have sexual intercourse with you.

He swore not to have sexual intercourse with his wife during the breastfeeding period (two years).

He said to his female slave: You are to me like your brother's back.

A man said to his wife: You are to me like the back of my mount.

A minor said to his wife, when he was non-pubescent: You are to me like my mother's back.

He swore an oath of divorce to never approach his wife.

Question 12: For whom is child custody established in the following cases:

Case

Child custody is established

For the first

For the second

For the third

Father/a married mother/a maternal aunt.

Sister/paternal aunt/daughter of sister.

The paternal grandmother/the father/the paternal aunt.

The maternal grandmother/the paternal grandmother/and the father's paternal aunt.

Daughter of sister/paternal uncle/maternal uncle.

The brother/the paternal uncle/the executor of the father.

Question 13: Is the ‘Iddah (waiting period) obligatory in the following cases, and what is its type if it is due:

Case

Obligation of the ‘Iddah

Not obligatory

Obligatory

Childbirth/Delivery

Three periods of purity

4 months and 10 days

3 Months

A man divorced his wife once before consummating the marriage with her.

A man died leaving his wife during her menstruation before consummating the marriage with her.

Her husband died while she was pregnant, and she gave birth five months after his death.

An old woman who no longer menstruates and whose husband died.

Her husband divorced her while she was pregnant, and she gave birth two days after the divorce.

A non-pubescent girl who can bear intercourse, whose husband divorced her once—given that he had consummated the marriage with her, and she has not yet menstruated.

Question 14: Mention what is due for women observing ‘Iddah in the following cases:

Case

What is due

Maintenance

Accommodation

Her husband divorced her once after consummating the marriage with her, and she is still in her waiting period.

Her husband divorced her thrice while she was pregnant.

Her husband divorced her thrice, and she is not pregnant.

Her husband died, and she is not pregnant.

Curriculum

Fiqh Qualification According to the School of Imām Mālik

Fiqh of transactions

Book of Exercises

Comprehensive questions on Fiqh of Transactions (1)

List the categories of Fiqh of transactions.

List the Mu‘āwadah contracts you have studied.

List the essential elements of a sales contract with an explanation of the conditions for each element.

Mention six of the prohibited sales, three of which are due to Gharar.

What are the types of Riba in sales, what commodities do each type involve, and what is the effective cause for the Riba-based commodities?

Mention the types of the option to rescind transactions and provide an example for each.

What is the nature of the 'qabd' (taking possession) by which the guarantee is transferred to the buyer for real estate, movable property, and weighed goods?

What are the sold goods that are prohibited from being disposed of before possession?

What are the types of conditions in the sale? Provide an example for each type.

What is the ruling if the sold item perishes in the possession of the buyer in an invalid sale?

Explain the essential elements of the Salam contract, along with the conditions for each element.

List the essential elements of the loan (Qard), and the conditions for each element. What is the ruling on an increase in the repayment of the loan?

List the essential elements of the lease (Ijārah) and the conditions for each element.

Who is responsible for guaranteeing the damage of the leased item, and what is the ruling on holding artisans/workers liable?

What are the essential elements and conditions of Ja‘ālah contract?

What are the types of settlement (Sulh) in terms of the object of settlement, and in terms of acknowledgment and denial, with the legal classification of each type?

List the documentation contracts you have studied.

List the essential elements of the mortgage (Rahn), and the conditions for each element.

What are the things that invalidate the mortgage contract?

List the reasons for legal interdiction, and what are the specific reasons for what exceeds one-third (of property)?

What are the types of Damān (guarantee), with an explanation of the meaning of each type?

List the essential elements of the guarantee with an explanation of the conditions for each element.

Comprehensive questions on Fiqh of Transactions (2)

What are the essential elements and conditions of Hawālah?

What are the essential elements and conditions of Wakālah?

Is Wakālah a permissible or binding contract?

What are the types and invalidators of Wakālah?

What are the essential elements and conditions of partnership in general?

What are the conditions for the permissibility of the Abdān (bodies) partnership?

List the types of Amwāl (money) partnership, defining each type, and is there anything prohibited in them?

What is the description of each of Mughārasah, Musāqāh, and Muzāra‘ah?

State the essential elements of Musāqāh and Muzāra‘ah and the conditions for each element.

What is the meaning of dead lands? What are the grounds for acquiring exclusive ownership, and what acts constitute revival of dead lands?

What are the essential elements and conditions of the Wadī‘ah (deposit)? Is it a permissible or binding contract? And what is the ruling on using/disposing of the deposit?

What is the ruling on ‘Āriyah (borrowed item)? What are its essential elements and conditions?

What is the ruling concerning returning the usurped item, whether it has been lost/destroyed or not?

What are the grounds for guarantee, and in what (situations/types of property) is it due? What is the difference between usurpation and aggression?

What are the types of found property? What is the ruling regarding each type?

What are the categories of heirs, and who are those included under each category?

What are the essential elements of inheritance?

What are the essential elements of a gift? What are its conditions?

What are the types of gift?

What is the ruling on a gift? Is it a binding contract? When may parents revoke it from their child?

What is the endowment? What are its ruling, essential elements, conditions and types?

What is the bequest? What are its essential elements and conditions?

What are the essential elements, conditions, and causes of emancipation?

What are the different types of emancipation wording? What is the ruling on each type?

Question 1: Assign the correct description to each of the following contracts [(1) Sale (2) Lease (3) Loan (4) Ja‘ālah (5) Sarf (currency exchange) (6) Other]:

Form of the contract

Its type

Hasan gave his car's ownership to ‘Umar in exchange for twenty thousand riyals.

Hasan gave his car to ‘Umar to use for a month in exchange for a thousand riyals.

Hasan announced that he would give ten thousand riyals in cash to whoever brought him his lost son.

Hasan gave ten thousand riyals in notes of (five hundred) to ‘Umar in exchange for ten thousand riyals in (one-riyal) notes.

Hasan gave ten thousand riyals to ‘Umar in exchange for him to give ten thousand riyals after two months.

Hasan gave a car to ‘Umar on the occasion of his marriage.

After borrowing from Hasan, ‘Umar gave his car to Hasan to keep with him, and Hasan can sell it if ‘Umar fails to repay the debt.

‘Umar gave 100 US dollars to Hasan in exchange for 375 Saudi riyals.

Someone placed a garment in the clothing container next to the mosque (collected by charitable organizations for distribution to the needy).

Question 2: What is the ruling on the following contracts:

Contract

Valid

Invalid

Valid but not binding

Bakr sold his car to ‘Umar under the coercion of being threatened with a weapon.

Bakr purchased a bicycle from Hasan for 500 riyals, noting that Bakr is 18 years old, while Hasan is 9 years old and has not yet reached puberty.

Bakr purchased a bicycle from Hasan, a boy aged 4 years.

A drunken man who was not of sound mind passed by a grocer and purchased a bottle of water from him.

A ten-year-old boy was sent by his father to purchase bread worth three riyals from the shop.

A slave bought from a freeman a bag of dates.

Bakr stole a mobile, and Hasan purchased it from him, knowing that it was stolen.

Khālid repented from drinking alcohol and offered the bottles he had in his possession for sale at their cost price.

Khālid is a friend of Bakr, and Khālid had a car that he was accustomed to lending to Bakr. On one occasion, while the car was with Khālid, he was offered a tempting price for it, so he sold it on behalf of Bakr without his knowledge.

Khālid is a friend of Bakr, and he had a car that he was accustomed to lending to Bakr. On one occasion, while the car was with Khālid, he was offered an attractive price for it, so he sold it on behalf of Bakr—noting that Bakr had told Khālid, "If you find a suitable price for the car, sell it."

Bakr entered the grocery store, took a bag of bread, then placed a riyal on the table, and left without speaking to the grocer, nor did the latter reply.

Bakr sold a bag of blood to Khālid for 100 riyals to treat a patient.

Question 3: Mention the ruling regarding the following contracts:

Contract

Permissible

Forbidden

Due to Gharar (uncertainty)

Due to Riba

Other

Zayd sold a carton of milk to Sālih and did not inform him that its expiration date had passed.

Zayd sold a living sheep to ‘Umar for 10 kilograms of fresh lamb meat.

Zayd sold to Bakr 10 kilos of Barni dates for a date stalk still on its palm tree.

A debt of 50,000 riyals is owed to Zayd by ‘Amr. When the debt became due, ‘Amr did not have this amount, so they agreed that he would repay it to him after a month and give him a collection of books as a gift.

Zayd sold a group of pigeons to ‘Umar for 200 riyals (the pigeons being in cages).

Zayd's camel ran away, so Bakr bought it for half its market value as compensation for the effort he would exert in searching for and returning it.

A statement is written on a commodity on a shelf, stipulating that if it is touched, one is obligated to purchase it for the specified price—given that the price is clear and the commodity is on display.

Zayd sold a refrigerator to ‘Amr on the condition that the price would be 800 riyals if paid after a week, and 1,000 riyals if paid after a month; the session concluded with the option still pending.

Khālid heard the first Friday call to prayer and, during it, purchased a bag of carrots from a vendor in front of the mosque.

Zayd sold to Khālid a box of grapes (knowing that he would make wine from it).

Question 4: Identify the type of the sold item in the following:

The sold item

Property item

Debt

Benefit

1,000 Saudi riyals.

Washing machine made by Panasonic factory, Voltage: 220, large size, white color, manufactured in the year 1433 AH.

The trade name: Toyota.

The right to construct a bridge over my land.

The right of passing through my land at any time.

A ticket for boarding a train.

A phone recharge card valued at 50 riyals.

100 kilograms of Sukkari dates, unspecified.

My mobile, which you see, is an iPhone 5.

Copyright of the Electronic Program (Jāmi‘ Al-Fiqh)

Copyright and Publishing.

A 2018 Toyota Yaris with delivery after eight months.

Question 5: Identify from the following commodities those in which Riba –Riba Al-Fadl or Riba An-Nasī’ah– is involved and those in which Riba is not involved:

The sold item

Involves Riba

Does not involve Riba

Construction steel

Book

Wheat

A collection of copper vessels

Furniture

Dates

Sukkari dates

Cheques

Car

Chicken meat

Mobile phone

Horse

Question 6: Specify the type of Riba in the following, if involved:

Case

No Riba

Riba al-Fadl (excess)

Riba an-Nasī’ah (deferment)

Riba al-Fadl (excess) and Riba an-Nasī’ah (deferment)

Zayd sold a new car to Khālid for two old cars, one of them to be delivered after a month and the other immediately.

Zayd sold to Khālid 100 kg of Sukkari dates for 20 kg of ‘Ajwah dates (to be delivered immediately).

Zayd sold to Khālid 100 kilograms of Sukkari dates for 110 kilograms of Sukkari dates from another region (to be delivered after a month).

Zayd sold to Khālid 100 kilograms of Sukkari dates for 100 kilograms of Barni dates (to be received immediately).

Zayd sold to Khālid 100 Saudi riyals for 4000 Algerian dinars, and the exchange was to be immediate.

Zayd sold to Khālid 100 Saudi riyals for 4000 Algerian dinars (to be delivered after a month).

Zayd sold to Khālid 100 Sā‘ of wheat for 100 Sā‘ of barley (to be delivered after two days).

Zayd sold to Khālid a single 100 Saudi riyal banknote for 110 riyals of the one-riyal banknotes (to be delivered after two days).

Zayd sold to Khalid 100 Sā‘ of wheat for 110 Sā‘ of barley (to be delivered immediately).

Zayd sold to Khālid 100 Sā‘ of Sukkari dates for 15 Sā‘ of raisins (hand to hand), knowing that the value of one Sā‘ of Sukkari is 50 riyals, and the value of one Sā‘ of raisins is 100 riyals.

Zayd sold to Khālid 100 kilograms of Levantine peaches for 100 kilograms of Turkish peaches (to be delivered after a month).

Zayd sold to Khālid 100 Sā‘ of Sukkari dates for 15 Sā‘ of raisins (to be delivered after two weeks), knowing that the value of a Sā‘ of Sukkari dates is 50 riyals, and the value of a Sā‘ of raisins is 100 riyals.

Zayd sold to Khālid 100 Sā‘ of lentils for 110 Sā‘ of black-eyed peas (to be delivered immediately).

Zayd sold to Khālid 100 Sā‘ of lentils for 110 Sā‘ of black-eyed peas (to be delivered after two days).

Zayd sold to Khālid 100 grams of gold for 500 Saudi riyals (to be delivered after two days).

Zayd sold 100 grams of gold to Khālid for 500 Saudi riyals (to be received immediately).

Question 7: Mention the ruling regarding the following cases:

First compensation

Second compensation

Mutual receipt

Ruling

No Riba

Riba al-Fadl (excess)

Riba an-Nasī’ah (deferment)

Riba al-Fadl (excess) and an-Nasī’ah (deferment)

100 Saudi riyals (one note)

110 Saudi riyals (in change)

After one month

100 pounds Sterling

1200 Egyptian pounds

Immediately

10 US dollars

900 American cents

After two days

100,000 Egyptian pounds

110,000 Egyptian pounds

After one year

37 million Saudi riyals

10 million US dollars

After one week

100,000 Saudi riyals

100,000 Saudi riyals

After 30 minutes in the contract session

A commercial paper for the amount of 10,000 dollars due in a month.

9500 dollars

Immediately

100 Saudi riyals (one note)

100 Saudi riyals (in change)

Immediately

100 Saudi riyals

110 Qatari riyals

Immediately

Question 8: Does the Khiyār (option to cancel a transaction) apply in the following, and what type is it: (1) Option of deliberation, (2) Option of withdrawal due to deficiency.

Case

Applies

Does not apply

Its type

Zayd bought a car from Khālid, only to discover that the fuel pump was damaged and the engine was not working.

Sa‘d bought a used car from Zayd, then found out that the air in the rear tire was low, necessitating it to be filled.

Zayd sold a car to ‘Amr, and one minute after the offer and acceptance were completed, Zayd retracted from the sale.

Zayd sold a car to ‘Amr, and after the offer and acceptance were completed and the session had concluded, Zayd revoked the sale.

Khālid sold a car to Zayd and stipulated during the contract that he would not be liable for any defect that appears in it after the contract session, and Zayd agreed. Later, he discovered that the engine needed to be overhauled.

He purchased a car from Khālid and stipulated an option for three days to have it inspected by a car expert.

A person purchased a car from Khālid and stipulated that the sale required the approval of his father, who was to return from a journey in two days.

He bought a car from Khālid and stipulated that the transmission (gearbox) be automatic, only to discover after the contract that it was the manual type.

Zayd bought a garment from Khālid and stipulated an option for a month.

He purchased a car from Khālid and stipulated an option valid until his brother Zayd arrives in the town, and it is not known when Zayd will return.

He purchased a car from Khālid and stipulated the option until it rains, to ascertain the car's suitability for driving during rainfall.

Question 9: Determine the ruling of the stipulation in the following cases:

Case

Valid

Invalid

(Does not invalidate the contract)

Invalidates the contract

Zayd sold a commodity to Khālid and stipulated that if he fails to pay the price within three days, there is no sale between them.

He bought a palm grove from Khālid with the condition of exemption from liability for loss caused by natural calamities in that year.

Zayd sold a house to Khālid and stipulated in the contract that he would reside in it for three months.

Zayd sold a car to Khālid on the condition that he could ride it for three days to buy another.

Khālid sold a car to Zayd and stipulated during the contract that he is not liable for any defect that appears in it after the contracting session.

He purchased a car from Khālid and stipulated immediate delivery.

Zayd said to ‘Amr: I have sold you a car (X) in installments for one hundred thousand over four years, with the condition that if you pay the installments in full on time, my car (Y) will be sold to you for only five thousand riyals.

He purchased a car from Khālid and stipulated the option (to rescind the contract) until it is inspected by a car expert.

Someone purchased a car from Khālid and stipulated that he would pledge a shop to Khālid until he pays the price.

Zayd sold his land to ‘Amr for seventy thousand, on the condition that ‘Amr lend him one hundred thousand riyals.

Zayd provided a loan of one hundred thousand to ‘Amr on the condition that ‘Amr sells his land (Y) to (Zayd) for sixty thousand, noting that this amount is less than the land's value.

Question 10: What constitutes the possession by which liability is transferred to the buyer in the following:

Case

Possession takes place

By weighing

By counting

by measuring

By enabling access

By vacating

By custom

Zayd bought from Khālid the house he lived in and was given the keys, but Khālid's belongings remained inside, which he had not yet moved.

Zayd purchased five garments of the Daffah brand from Khālid.

Khālid purchased ten Sā‘ of ‘Ajwah dates from Zayd for one thousand riyals.

Khālid bought a piece of land from Zayd in a subdivision owned by Zayd.

Khālid purchased ten Sā‘ of ‘Ajwah dates from Zayd for one thousand riyals, and stipulated that the seller would deliver them to his house.

Zayd bought a herd of livestock from Khālid.

Zayd purchased a car from Khālid for twenty thousand Riyals.

Zayd bought 10 watermelons from Khālid for 80 riyals.

Question 11: Based on what you have studied about the Salam sale, clarify the ruling in the following cases:

Formula of the contract

Valid

Invalid

Zayd gives Sa‘d a check for 100,000 riyals, on the condition that Sa‘d provides him with 10,000 Sā‘ of good-quality dates [unspecified type] to be delivered on the day of Zayd's marriage.

Zayd pays 100,000 riyals to be delivered after one week, on the condition that Sa‘d gives him 10,000 Sā‘ of high-quality Sukkari Qasīmi dates after one year.

Zayd pays 100,000 riyals to be delivered immediately, on the condition that Sa‘d gives him 10,000 Sā‘ of high-quality Sukkari Qasīmi dates as a Salam sale, to be delivered after ten days.

Zayd pays 120,000 in installments over three years to receive the dates from this farm after one year as a Salam contract.

Zayd immediately transfers 100,000 riyals to Sa‘d's account, with the agreement that Sa‘d will provide him with enough food to feed 50 fasting persons during the month of Ramadan by the 29th of Sha‘bān.

Zayd pays one hundred thousand riyals in cash to receive from Sa‘d ten thousand Sā‘ of dates, provided they are of the finest quality.

Zayd pays one hundred thousand riyals in cash in exchange for receiving from Sa‘d five used Camry cars, model 2003, with specified features on the 5th of Muharram, 1436 AH.

Zayd pays one hundred thousand riyals in cash to receive from Sa‘d three thousand Sā‘ of high-quality Sukkari dates immediately in the form of a Salam sale.

Zayd will pay 200 riyals after two weeks, on the condition that he receives a garment from Sa‘d with specified measurements and descriptions after three weeks.

Zayd will pay the contracting office a million in two years, on the condition that he receives from them a two-story villa with specified features on a specified piece of land after two years.

Zayd gives Sa‘d a thousand riyals in cash with the agreement to receive one kilogram of Harri sheep meat daily for a period of two weeks starting from tomorrow, and the contract was concluded as a Salam sale.

Zayd pays 100,000 riyals in cash to receive from Sa‘d a new Camry car with specified features, to be delivered after six months—noting that this model is not permitted for import by regulations and is not available in the country.

Zayd pays one hundred thousand riyals in cash to receive from Sa‘d his Accent car as a Salam sale after one month.

Question 12: Based on what you have studied about loans, clarify the ruling in the following cases:

Formula of the contract

Permissible

Not permissible

Hāshim, an orphan boy who inherited 10 million riyals from his father, whose will before death stipulated that his guardianship be entrusted to ‘Ādil. Given the abundance of wealth, ‘Ādil would lend to those in need after ensuring their ability to repay.

Zayd provided a loan to ‘Amr of 100,000 riyals on the condition that he repays it as 150,000 riyals.

Bakr borrowed 10,000 riyals from his father. Two months later, his father received a job promotion, so Bakr offered a gift to his father. Is the gift permissible?

Bakr borrowed 10,000 riyals from his neighbor Khālid. Two months later, Khālid got married, so Bakr offered a gift of a bottle of perfume to Khālid on the occasion of his marriage. Is the gift permissible?

Khālid deposited an amount of 300 million riyals in a bank. Each year, the bank gifts Khālid a new car as a token of appreciation for being a valued client, to ensure he does not transfer his account to another bank.

Khālid transferred his account to another bank and stipulated that they give him an annual gift of a car valued between one hundred thousand riyals and one hundred twenty thousand riyals.

Hasan borrowed one hundred thousand riyals from Sa‘īd, and after a year, he returned one hundred thousand riyals to him and then gave him a gift of luxurious perfume without any condition.

Zayd borrowed an emerald jewel from Salmān on the condition that he return a similar one after one year, knowing that this type is rare.

Zayd borrowed 100 kilograms of high-quality flour from Khālid, to be repaid after one month.

Zayd provided a loan to Khālid of one million Algerian Dinars in Makkah on the condition that he repays it to him in Algeria—in order to avoid scrutiny from customs upon entering the country.

Question 13: Mention the ruling regarding the following cases of leasing:

Form of leasing

Valid

Invalid

Valid, but not binding

A 7-year-old boy paid the owner of a building one hundred thousand riyals in exchange for leasing the building for one year.

A 7-year-old boy paid the building owner 100,000 riyals to lease the building for 1 year. When the boy's guardian learned of this, he did not authorize it.

A 7-year-old boy paid the building owner 100,000 riyals to lease the building for 1 year. When the boy's guardian learned of this, he authorized it.

A 7-year-old boy owns a building that he rented out to someone in exchange for a luxury car each year.

Leasing a shop for selling films and songs.

Zayd placed his car with Khālid as a deposit, but Khālid rented it out for his own benefit.

A person rented a car to be taken wherever he wished for 15 riyals.

Hiring a woman to dance and sing at a wedding for ten thousand riyals.

Leasing a lost car for a year in exchange for five thousand riyals.

A man threatened him that if he did not lease his building to him for one month for ten thousand riyals, he would be severely beaten, so he leased it.

A man rented a sheep for a month for the purpose of drinking its milk.

He leased a palm tree to eat its dates when they ripen.

The family of the deceased hired him to wash the deceased and bury him.

Question 14: Mention the ruling regarding Ja‘ālah in the following cases:

Case

Permissible

Prohibited

A person says: Whoever kills so-and-so [a person whose blood is inviolable] will receive one hundred thousand riyals.

A young boy who inherited a million riyals announced that whoever finds his lost toy shall receive the million riyals.

A legally competent and sane person declares that whoever returns his lost wallet shall have all its contents—and he does not know its contents.

A legally competent and sane person declares that whoever returns his lost car within two days shall receive a thousand riyals.

A legally competent and sane person declares that whoever returns his lost car shall have one thousand riyals, and a person undertook to do so on the condition that he be paid the money before commencing the search.

Question 15: Based on your study of the chapter on settlement (Sulh), state the type of settlement in the following cases:

Case

Its type in terms of admittance and its absence

Classification

Admission

Denial

Silence

Sale transaction

Lease

Gift

Khālid claimed that Sa‘īd bought a book from him for one hundred riyals and did not pay the price. Sa‘īd denied this, and in his desire for Khālid to cease his demand, he gave him fifty riyals as a settlement for his claim.

Zayd claimed against Khālid an amount of one thousand riyals, and Khālid admitted it, but he requested that Zayd settle the case by paying only 900 riyals.

Zayd claimed against ‘Amr a sum of one thousand riyals, which ‘Amr admitted. However, he requested that they make a settlement by giving him a known mobile device in exchange for it.

Zayd claimed against ‘Amr a sum of one thousand riyals, which ‘Amr admitted. However, he requested that they make a settlement by granting him free lodging in his hotel for a period of one month.

Zayd claimed against ‘Amr an amount of one thousand riyals, and ‘Amr neither admitted nor denied it, but he requested that Zayd settle the case by granting him a complimentary stay at his hotel for a period of one month.

Question 16: Based on your study of Qismah (division of property), state the type of Qismah and its ruling in the following cases:

The case

Type

Ruling

Joint usufruct

Mutual consent

Drawing lots

Valid

Invalid

Two men jointly purchased a building for trade purposes, but due to a fall in the real estate market, they were unable to sell it. So they agreed that the first would use it for residence for a month, then the second in the following month, and so on, in alternation, until the real estate market recovers.

Two men jointly purchased a building for trade purposes, but due to a fall in the real estate market, they could not sell it. So, they agreed to utilize it by alternating their residence in it, but they did not specify the duration.

Two full brothers inherited a plot of land from their father, so an expert divided it between them into two portions. They mutually agreed that the first would take the northern portion and the second the southern portion.

Two full brothers inherited a plot of land from their father, and an expert divided it into two portions. After drawing lots, the first brother took the northern portion, and the second took the southern portion.

Question 17: Based on your studies, state the validity of the Rahn (mortgage/pledge) in the following cases:

Case

Valid

Invalid

A five-year-old boy purchased sweets from the grocery store, but since he had no cash, he pledged his watch to the grocer.

A person bought a car on installment and pledged his wife's gold with the seller without her permission.

A person purchased a car on installment and pledged his car with the seller without transferring its ownership to the seller.

Zayd purchased a car from ‘Amr for a deferred payment, on the condition that he would pledge all his real estate items to him, without either of them knowing what these items were.

The debtor pledged a guard dog to the creditor.

The debtor pledged a barrel of alcohol to the creditor.

He said: “I pledge this house to you as security for any car I may purchase from you on installment in the future.”

Question 18: Based on what you have studied regarding the causes of interdiction, identify the persons whose disposition is valid and those whose is invalid in the following cases:

Case

His disposition is valid

His disposition is invalid

A five-year-old boy inherited a large sum of money from his father and purchased a residential building, and his guardian authorized the sale.

An eight-year-old boy was appointed as an agent by a legally competent adult man to purchase a car for twenty thousand riyals.

An eight-year-old boy inherited a large amount of money from his father and purchased a residential building, and his guardian approved the sale.

He lost his discernment due to intoxication and, while in that state, purchased a car for 20 thousand riyals.

He lost his discernment due to his excessive drinking of a permissible juice, and while in this state, he bought a car for 20 thousand riyals.

A person gifted his car to one of his friends after the judge declared him bankrupt.

He gifted a quarter of his wealth to the poor, being sick on his deathbed.

A wife gave in charity half of her wealth without her husband's consent.

A slave sold a sheep given to him in charity without his master's knowledge or consent.

Question 19: Based on what you have studied about Damān (guarantee), clarify whether it is valid in the following cases:

Case

Valid

Invalid

After being imprisoned for months and under the threat of coercion, he signed a document stating: (I commit to guaranteeing the debts of Zayd due on ‘Amr).

Hasan, a wealthy seven-year-old boy, went with his friend's father to the car exhibition, and he committed to a guarantee of liability.

Hasan, a wealthy boy aged seven, went with his friend's father to the car exhibition, committing to guaranteeing his presence.

Zayd committed to guaranteeing all of ‘Amr's debts to his creditors (without their knowledge), but ‘Amr did not consent to this, nor did he seek the permission of the creditors.

Zayd committed to a guarantee for a person liable for retribution, ensuring his presence.

Zayd committed to a guarantee for a person liable for retribution, with the obligation to seek and search for him.

Question 20: Based on your study of partnership contracts, identify the type of contract and its validity:

(1) Partnership

(2) Hawālah (transference)

(3) Wakālah (agency)

(4) Musāqāh or Muzāra‘ah

(5) Other

Issue

Type

Valid

Invalid

‘Amr borrowed one thousand riyals from Bakr, and then Zayd borrowed one thousand dollars from ‘Amr. When Bakr demanded the repayment of the debt from ‘Amr, he referred him to Zayd to collect it from him, knowing that both debts were due.

Hasan gave Sa‘īd five thousand riyals to invest in trade, with the profit from the trade to be divided equally between them.

Zayd gave Khālid seven thousand riyals to trade with, on the condition that Zayd would receive an annual profit of three thousand, and any excess would belong to Khālid.

Fahd entrusted his car to Sahl to sell it and collect its price, then gave the entire amount to Fahd, with nothing for Sahl. Sahl sold it for its market value and gave the price to Fahd.

Two men agreed to jointly undertake tailoring work and perform it on the condition that the profit is shared equally between them.

Two children engaged in a trade with a capital of one hundred thousand riyals, each contributing half, on the condition that the profit is equally divided between them.

Hasan gave Sa‘īd five thousand riyals to invest in trade, with the agreement that the profit from the trade would be shared equally between them, and in the event of a loss, Sa‘īd would bear the losses.

Two men agreed to cultivate a piece of land owned by one of them with wheat, on the condition that the produce is shared equally between them, the owner provides the land, and the other provides the seeds and labor.

The owner of a date-palm grove provided his palm trees to a worker to irrigate and take care of them in return for one-third of the produce.

An owner of a palm grove provided his palm trees to a worker to irrigate and take care of them in return for a monthly salary of one thousand riyals.

Question 21: Can land be possessed in the following cases:

Case

The ruling of ownership

Valid

Invalid

A man came to a forest near a town that its people use for gathering firewood and for grazing. He cut down the trees and sowed the forest. Does he thereby take ownership of it?

A barren, rocky piece of land that was unowned by anyone was cleared of its stones and leveled by a person, without the Muslim ruler granting it to him. Can he own it?

The Muslim ruler granted a man a piece of land to utilize for ten years. Can he own it after this period?

A Muslim owned a piece of land, but he abandoned it until its crops died. Then someone came and plowed it and planted it. Can he own it?

An unowned piece of land was planted with trees by a person without the Muslim ruler granting it to him. Can he own it? (Note: It is near inhabited areas).

Question 22: Mention the ruling regarding found property in the following cases:

Case

Can be possessed without identification

Can be possessed after identification

Should not be picked up

To be identified for some days

To be identified for one year

A person found an ink pen on the road valued at one riyal.

A person found a watch in the ablution area of the mosque valued at 5,000 riyals.

He found a camel in the desert.

He found a sheep in the city.

Someone found a stray sheep from its owner on the highway and carried it in his car. Can he possess it? (knowing that carrying it to the place from which it came is not hard).

Someone found a cow in a deserted place outside the city.

He found a piece of gold equivalent to three-quarters of a dinar.

He found a laptop in the university he attends.

Question 23: Is a guarantee obligatory in the following cases?

Case

The Guarantee is obligatory

Not obligatory

Zayd borrowed his brother’s car, and the car was damaged by the borrower due to his reckless use and failure to adhere to the proper method of driving.

Zayd borrowed his brother's car, and the car was damaged while in the borrower's possession without any reckless use or negligence in maintaining it.

Khālid placed his car with Sa‘īd to keep it for him inside the courtyard of the house, but Sa‘īd left it open in front of the house, so it was stolen.

Khālid placed his car with Sa‘īd to keep it for him inside the courtyard of the house. Sa‘īd placed it in the agreed-upon location, locked it, but it was stolen.

Khālid stole Zayd's car, then repented and intended to return it, but it was damaged in a car accident on his way to return it to Khālid.

Zayd wrongfully seized a car belonging to a Christian man from among the Ahl adh-Dhimmah, and while driving the car, he was involved in an accident that he did not cause, and the car was damaged.

He borrowed Zayd's watch, and it was damaged after a week. He claimed that he was not negligent.

Khālid borrowed Zayd's car and loaded it with a weight exceeding the permissible limit, so the tires burst.

Zayd placed his car with Khālid as a deposit, but Khalid sold it without his permission, entered into trade with the proceeds, and incurred a loss.

Zayd usurped a car from Khālid and placed it in a warehouse for a period of one year, then returned it to Khālid without having used it. However, its market price decreased. So, is he liable for the difference in price?

Zayd usurped a sum of 100,000 riyals from Khālid and used it in trade, making a profit of 20,000 riyals. Khālid then filed a case, and it was ruled that Zayd must return it to Khālid. Is he therefore liable for the profits along with the capital?

Zayd transgressed against Khālid, took his house from him by force, and lived in it for six months, then returned it. Is Zayd liable for the rent of the months he lived in it?

Question 24: Identify who is an inheritor and who is not, and specify the type of inheritor.

The person

One entitled to a prescribed share of inheritance

Agnate

He does not inherit.

The father

The son

The maternal aunt's son

The mother

An emancipated woman

The paternal aunt's son

The maternal grandfather

The wife's daughter

The paternal uncle's son

The father's father

The maternal sister

The paternal uncle's son's son

The maternal uncle

The son of the son of the son

The full sister's son

The paternal uncle

The daughter's son's son

The wife

The maternal aunt

The daughter's daughter

The wife of the father

The paternal aunt

The full sister

The mother's husband

The brother's daughter

The full brother's son

The full brother's daughter

The Son's daughter

The maternal brother's son

The mother's mother

Question 25: Identify which of the following gifts are valid and which are invalid:

Case

Valid

Invalid

Someone in good health gifted his car, which constitutes half of his possessions, to one of his heirs, and handed it to him.

On his deathbed, a person gifted his son one hundred thousand riyals and handed it over to him, knowing that the total of his wealth was six hundred thousand riyals.

A person gifted one hundred bottles of wine to a non-inheriting relative.

A person, on his deathbed, gifted 100,000 riyals to his daughter's daughter, knowing that the total of his possessions amounts to 600,000 riyals.

A person, on his deathbed, gifted 300,000 riyals to his daughter’s daughter, knowing that his total wealth amounts to 600,000 riyals.

A person in good health gifted his fiancée a car worth half of his possessions.

A person gifted a car, which he had stolen from one of his companions, to his son while in good health, and he handed it over to him.

A six-year-old child gave three thousand riyals from his wealth to his friend at school.

A female teacher at the school gifted one thousand riyals to a female student in her class, knowing that the girl was aged 8 years.

Zayd said to Khālid: I have gifted you what is in my hand, and he did not know what was in his hand.

Zayd gave Khālid a hunting dog as a gift.

Zayd gifted his runaway slave to Khālid.

Zayd said to Khālid: I have gifted to you the debt which you owe me.

Zayd said to Khālid: I have gifted to you the debt which Bakr owes me.

Question 26: Identify which of the following endowments are valid and which are invalid in the following:

Case

Valid endowment

Invalid endowment

A person said: This land is an endowment for a mosque to be built upon it.

A person said: This building of mine is an endowment for students of religious knowledge.

A person said: This building of mine is endowed for teaching dance.

A person said: This sack of flour is an endowment for the poor.

An 8-year-old boy inherited a building from his father and dedicated it as a charitable endowment to the poor.

A person said: This building is an endowment for students of religious knowledge for a period of 10 years.

A Christian said: This land is an endowment for building a mosque.

A man said: I have endowed this building for my daughters and their sons.

A person said: I have endowed this building for the poor for a period of 5 years, to begin after one month.

A Muslim allocated a building as an endowment to be taken as a church for the Christians.

A person endowed a sum of money to be given as a loan to anyone in need, who would then return it afterward.

A Muslim person dedicated a building as an endowment for the Christian orphans.

Question 27: Distinguish between binding bequests, non-binding bequests, and invalid bequests:

Case

Invalid

Valid

Zayd bequeathed half of his estate to the mosques.

Zayd bequeathed a quarter of his estate to the poor, and the heirs did not approve it.

Zayd, aged 5, bequeathed one-third of his estate to the poor.

Zayd, whose entire wealth is 100,000 riyals and who has a debt of 110,000 riyals, made a bequest of 50,000 riyals to the poor.

A boy aged 10 bequeathed one-fifth of his estate to the poor.

He bequeathed a carton of cans of wine to his Christian neighbor.

He enjoined upon his children to hire a professional mourner to wail over him after his death.

A man bequeathed 100,000 riyals from his estate to his son, knowing that the estate amounts to one million riyals.

A man bequeathed 100,000 riyals from his estate to his granddaughter, knowing that the estate amounts to 150,000 riyals.

A man bequeathed the endowment of his building to the poor, knowing that the value of the building is one million riyals, and the total estate is two and a half million.

Zayd instructed that ‘Amr should be responsible for marrying off his daughter, despite knowing that ‘Amr is an alcoholic.

Question 28: Distinguish what leads to emancipation and what does not in the following cases:

Case

Emancipation occurs

Emancipation does not occur

The master said to his slave: "I have set you free," then claimed that he was joking.

The master said to his slave: "Go wherever you wish," intending thereby his emancipation.

The master said to his slave: "Go wherever you wish," not intending thereby his emancipation.

A 6-year-old boy set his slave free by saying: You are free.

The son set free a slave belonging to his father by saying: You are free.

Zayd, after being freed, went and bought his sister from her master, without intending to emancipate her.

The master made a contract of emancipation with his slave for 10,000 riyals, with an annual payment of one thousand riyals. The slave has paid five thousand and is unable to pay the remainder.

The master made a contract of emancipation with his slave for 10,000 riyals, with one thousand riyals to be paid each year, and the entire ten thousand was paid in full.

Curriculum

Fiqh Qualification According to the School of Imam Mālik

Fiqh of Judiciary and Crimes

Book of Exercises

Comprehensive questions on the Fiqh of the judiciary and crimes

State the prerequisites for the judge, when serving in the judiciary becomes obligatory for a person, and what are the conditions for the permissibility of arbitration?

What is the difference between a plaintiff and a defendant?

What are the ranks of testimony, and what is the ruling on its bearing?

What is the condition for a witness, and when is the oath required of the claimant?

What are the essential elements of legal retribution, and how is the felony established?

Mention the blood money of: the slave - the free Muslim - the apostate - the fetus - the tooth - the single eye.

What are the conditions for applying the prescribed punishment for apostasy, and what are the cases in which an apostate is killed even if he repents?

What are the conditions of being a Muhsan, and what is the prescribed punishment for a Muhsan adulterer?

What are the conditions for the slandered person regarding the prescribed punishment for slander, and what constitutes the act?

What is the prescribed punishment for the thief if he repeats the theft, and what are the conditions of the stolen property for applying the prescribed punishment?

How is drinking wine established, and what is the prescribed punishment for a slave if he drinks wine?

Who is the Muhārib, what is his prescribed punishment, and when is it waived?

What are the forms of Ta‘zīr (discretionary punishment), and what are the prohibited matters therein?

Question 1: Mention the ruling regarding the following cases:

Case

Ruling

Permissible

Recommended

A condition for the validity

Prohibited (or Invalid)

Obligatory

The judge took property from the litigants in order to pass a ruling between them.

Bringing forth the people of knowledge to the court and consulting them.

That the judge be someone of known lineage.

That the judge be wealthy.

Assuming the judiciary post for one who fulfills the prerequisites for a judge, and is the sole qualified person in his locality.

Arbitration by one who fulfills the prerequisites in a matter concerning the implementation of the Hadd (legal prescribed punishment) of stoning.

The judge appoints a scribe for himself.

The requirement of the Qurayshi lineage for the Supreme Imam.

Question 2: Upon which of the two litigants is the oath incumbent in the following cases:

Case

An oath is incumbent upon

Not incumbent on either of them.

Zayd

‘Amr

Zayd claimed that he had an amount of 10,000 riyals owed to him by ‘Amr and brought one witness.

Zayd claimed that the deceased ‘Amr owed him a sum of 10 thousand riyals and brought two witnesses.

Zayd claimed that ‘Amr owed him a sum of 10,000 riyals, and he had neither witnesses nor evidence.

Question 4: What is the ruling regarding testimony in the following cases:

Case

Ruling of testimony

Acted upon

Not acted upon

Three upright witnesses testified that they saw two men committing sodomy.

One man and two women testified in a case concerning legal retribution.

Four upright witnesses testified to seeing a man commit adultery with a woman, and one of the witnesses has a dispute with the adulterer over a land.

A man and two women testified in a case relating to Khul‘.

Four upright women testified to a marriage contract.

Four upright men testified to seeing a man committing adultery with a woman, and one of the witnesses is hesitant in his testimony.

Zayd claimed that ‘Amr owed him one thousand riyals, and he brought forth a witness along with his oath.

Three upright individuals and a boy who had not reached puberty bore witness to seeing a man commit adultery.

Four upright women testified in a case concerning a debt.

Zayd claimed that ‘Amr owed him one thousand riyals, and he brought two upright witnesses, one of whom was his father. Is a judgment to be passed based on the father's testimony?

Zayd came forward to testify, despite being an alcoholic.

Zayd came forward to testify, although he is known for playing chess.

Zayd volunteered to testify and came forward in a claim of a debt before the judge, although his testimony was not requested from him—despite his knowledge of the matter.

Question 5: Mention the ruling regarding the following cases:

Case

Type of killing

Established

Expiation is due

Accidental killing

Intentional

Legal retribution

Blood money

To be fulfilled immediately

Not to be fulfilled immediately

Due upon the perpetrator

Due upon the paternal male relatives

A sane man shot his Muslim wife because he saw her speaking to a man, resulting in her death. All the adult sane families of the victim demanded retribution.

A man unintentionally ran into another man walking in the street with his car, and the man died.

A man struck another man on the head with a stick during a dispute between them, resulting in the other's death from the blow.

A boy stabbed an adult man with a knife, resulting in the man's death by the stab.

He argued with a man from the protected non-Muslims, then pushed him from a high place with the intent of causing him to fall, but he died.

A man was hunting and fired a bullet intending to hit the game, but it struck his companion.

An insane man took a gun and intentionally killed a man.

A murder incident occurred with a pistol, where the killer intended to kill, and the victim's legal heirs agreed on legal retribution, including the victim's son, who is eight years old.

A pregnant woman intentionally killed a man with a pistol, and the legal heirs agreed to exact legal retribution.

A disbelieving Dhimmi intentionally and unjustly killed a Muslim.

A Muslim killed a covenanted (Mu‘āhad) Magian.

Question 6: Determine the required procedure in the following crimes.

Issue

Ruling

Legal retribution

Blood money

Hukūmah (discretionary compensation)

A Muslim man accidentally cut off the hand of another Muslim man.

A person deliberately cut off a man's hand at the joint.

A person deliberately inflicted a wound in a man's head that cut through the flesh and reached the bone.

A person threw a stone, striking a man he did not intend to hit and causing his two front teeth to fall out.

Question 7: Mention the amount of blood money in dirhams in the following cases:

Case

No blood money

The amount of blood money in dirhams

12000

6000

800

600

400

A person threw a stone, striking a Muslim woman and killing her unintentionally.

A man unintentionally ran into another man with his car, and he died.

A boy stabbed an adult man with a knife, resulting in the man's death by the stab.

A Muslim accidentally killed a covenanted (Mu‘āhad) Magian.

A Muslim man killed a combatant Christian outside of a battle.

A man struck his pregnant wife on her abdomen, causing her to miscarry a dead fetus, noting that the woman was Muslim.

Intentionally killing his neighbor's slave (slave's value: 12000 dirhams).

He unintentionally ran into a covenanted Magian woman with his car.

A man was hunting and fired a bullet, intending to hit the game, but it struck his companion.

Question 8: Mention the ruling in the following cases:

Case

The prescribed punishment is not established

The prescribed punishment is established

Flogging

Stoning to death

Exile

Killing

Cutting off the hand

The choice between killing, or killing and crucifixion, or amputation of a hand and a foot on opposite sides, or exile.

100

80

50

40

A man said to a chaste Muslim, aged 20: You are an adulterer, so he brought the matter before the judge.

A bandit was found guilty of banditry through evidence by taking property without killing.

A bandit was found guilty of banditry by killing.

It was established by the testimony of two upright witnesses that a Christian man drank a glass of alcohol.

It was established by the testimony of three upright witnesses that a Muslim man committed adultery with a woman.

A man said: There is no harm in drinking wine, but it is preferable to avoid it because it is harmful to one's health, even though he knows that Allah Almighty has prohibited it in the Qur’an.

A bandit was found guilty through evidence of banditry by taking property without killing; and although it was also established that he had ceased this act, he did not present himself to the Imam in repentance, and instead repented between himself and Allah Almighty.

A man drank a small amount of alcohol, which was not enough to intoxicate, and this was attested by two witnesses; one of whom testified to seeing him drink, and the other by smelling the odor of alcohol in his mouth.

It was established by the testimony of two upright witnesses that a Muslim slave drank a cup of alcohol.

An adult Muslim man stole from another a bottle of alcohol, valued at three gold dinars, which was placed in the cellar of his house.

A free, sane, adult Muslim who has not been married commits the crime of fornication, with four witnesses testifying against him.

A free, sane, adult Muslim woman who has not been married commits the crime of fornication, with four witnesses testifying against her.

An adult Muslim accused his son of illegal sexual intercourse.

A free, sane, adult Muslim woman who has not been married, became pregnant, but claimed upon its discovery that she was raped.

A Dhimmi Christian said to a Muslim boy: You are not the son of so-and-so.

A sane, adult Muslim slave who is married commits the crime of adultery, with four witnesses testifying against him.

An adult Muslim man secretly stole a laptop valued at three thousand riyals from a desk in another person's house, and the theft was established by the perpetrator's confession.

A man insulted another man because of his color.

A man said to an adult, chaste Muslim: You are an adulterer, so he brought the matter before the judge, given that the accused had had his organ cut off.

Curriculum

Fiqh Qualification According to the School of Imām Mālik

Al-Qawā‘id Al-Fiqhiyyah (Fiqh-related Rules)

Book of Exercises

Question 1: Based on what you have studied about the differences between Fiqh, Usūl al-Fiqh, and Fiqh-related rules, mention the science under which the following issues fall:

Issue

The science it falls under

Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence)

Usūl al-Fiqh

Fiqh-related rules

The imperative entails obligation.

One who is certain of purity but doubts the occurrence of what invalidates it should pursue certainty.

A Companion's statement is valid proof in establishing rulings.

Certainty is not overruled by doubt.

The Qur’an is an authoritative proof in establishing rulings.

Whoever says to his wife: "Go away to your family," with the intention of divorce, his wife is indeed divorced.

The "‘Āmm" (general term) encompasses all individuals unless a specification is applied to it.

In principle, liability is free.

If one doubts the number of Rak‘ahs, he should build upon the lesser number.

If someone is unable to pray standing, then he may pray sitting.

Analogy (Qiyās) is among the Sharia evidence.

Harm should be removed.

The later evidence abrogates the former when reconciliation is not possible.

Matters are judged based on their objectives.

Hardship entails ease

Question 2: Mention the source of the following rules:

Rule

Source

Text

Induction

Rule: Matters are judged based on their objectives.

Imām Mālik said: “Whatever is permissible under a reward (Ju‘l) contract is also permissible under a lease (Ijārah), but not everything permissible under a lease (Ijārah) is permissible under a reward (Ju‘l) contract.”

Rule: There should be neither harm nor reciprocating of harm.

By reviewing the issues reported from Imam Mālik regarding his prohibition of certain deferred sales, it is understood that this is because they are a means to combining a sale and a loan, or to a loan that brings a benefit, or to a guarantee for a fee, and the like.

Rule: Hardship entails ease.

Rule: Profit is obtained by bearing the responsibility.

Rule: What is feasible is not overruled by what is difficult.

Al-Karkhi said: The basic rule is that what is established with certainty is not removed by doubt.

Question 3: Mention the type of rule [major rule, non-major rule, criteria (governing rule)]:

Rule

Its type

Major

Non-major

Criteria (governing rule)

Matters are judged based on their objectives.

The subordinate follows the origin.

Every dead animal is impure except humans, marine animals, and those that do not have flowing blood.

Certainty is not overruled by doubt.

What is prohibited to take is prohibited to give.

Custom is considered a valid judgment.

Someone eligible to divorce is also eligible for Khul‘.

No consideration is given to the assumption that is clearly wrong.

Hardship entails ease.

Anything permissible as a price or wage is valid as dowry.

There should be neither harm nor reciprocating of harm.

Question 4: Through your research, fill in the blanks in the following table:

Book

Author

School of thought

Al-Ashbāh wa An-Nazhā’ir (Analogous Legal Issues)

’Īdāh Al-Masālik (Clarification of the Paths)

Al-Ashbāh wa An-Nazhā’ir (Analogous Legal Issues)

Manzhūmat Al-Manhaj Al-Muntakhab (The Selected Curriculum Poem)

Al-Ashbāh wa An-Nazhā’ir (Analogous Legal Issues)

Al-Majmū‘ Al-Mudh'hab

Al-Ashbāh wa An-Nazhā’ir (Analogous Legal Issues) (1)

There are several books with this name, and it is required to write the details of four of them.

Al-Manthūr Fi Al-Qawā‘id (The Scattered Rules)

Al-Qarāfi

Al-Wajīz Fi Al-Qawā‘id Al-Fiqhiyyah (The Concise Guide to Juristic Rules)

Ibn Rajab

Al-Mumti‘ Fi Al-Qawā‘id Al-Fiqhiyyah (The Delightful in Juristic Rules)

Al-Muqri

Ya‘qūb Al-Bāhusayn

Question 5: Based on your study of the benefit of intention, identify its benefit [from the three benefits you have studied] in the following:

Issue

The benefit of intention

A man performed Ghusl with the intention of cooling down, and another performed Ghusl intending to remove Janābah.

A man prayed two Rak‘ahs with the intention of the Sunnah prayer of Fajr, and another prayed two Rak‘ahs with the intention of the obligatory Fajr prayer.

A man sought knowledge for the sake of Allah, while another sought knowledge to be called a scholar.

A man refrained from food and drink to lose weight, while another refrained from food and drink, intending the Sharia-ordained fasting.

A man refrained from food and drink with the intention of observing a voluntary fast, and another refrained from food and drink with the intention of making up for missed days of Ramadan.

Question 6: Based on what you have studied regarding the issues of intention, clarify the ruling in the following cases along with mentioning the reason:

(Yes/No)

If someone washes his limbs with the intention of cooling off, not for ablution, does this remove the state of ritual impurity?

If one offers two Rak‘ahs with the intention of greeting the mosque, and then says: Rather, I will make them for the Fajr prayer, will they suffice for it?

Whoever says: "By Allah, O so-and-so, you will have lunch with us today" – if it slipped from his tongue without intending to make an oath – is he required to observe expiation if he breaks it?

If someone makes the intention a long time before the act of worship, such as an hour, and then performs the act without recalling the intention, is it valid?

A traveler intended to break his fast but did not eat. After an hour had passed without finding food, he said, "Rather, I am fasting this day of Ramadan." Is his fast valid?

If someone purifies a garment without knowing it was soiled and without intending to remove the impurity, does the garment become pure?

Whoever gives money to a poor person with the intention of voluntary charity, and then calculates his Zakah, saying: "I have made what I gave to the poor as the Zakah."

Whoever says to his wife: "You are divorced," and then claims: "I did not intend divorce, I only meant to frighten her," is she indeed divorced?

If one begins ablution without the intention, and then intends it afterward, is it valid?

If someone starts the Zhuhr prayer, then intends in his heart to cut off the prayer due to an unexpected occurrence, does his prayer become invalid?

If someone experiences hesitation about whether to continue or break the prayer, does this invalidate his prayer?

If someone assumes Ihrām for Hajj or ‘Umrah and then intends to terminate his Ihrām due to congestion, for instance, does his Ihrām become invalid?

He intended in his heart to pray Zhuhr, but mistakenly verbalized his intention saying: “I intend to pray ‘Asr.” Is his prayer valid as Zhuhr?

If a person intends the prayer in his heart without verbalizing it, is his prayer valid?

Question 7: Based on what you have studied in the Fiqh rules under the rule: (Matters are judged based on their objectives), mention the ruling regarding the following cases and identify the most appropriate rule:

Issue

Its ruling

Appropriate rule

A person granted another something, stipulating a known compensation = Is this considered a sale or a gift?

He said to his wife: "If I see you enter this house, you are divorced," intending that she should not enter it at all, whether he sees her or not. Would he be considered to have broken his oath if she entered without him seeing her?

He was invited to lunch at someone's place, but he swore not to have lunch, saying: "I intended the lunch of so-and-so," so does he break his oath by having lunch elsewhere?

He swore not to enter so-and-so's house without specifying a day. If he said, "I meant today only," would he be considered to have broken his oath if he entered it on another day?

A person purchased something from another and said to him: "Take my watch as a deposit with you until I bring you the price." Is this considered a pledge or a deposit?

He swore not to drink water at so-and-so's place, intending by his oath to refuse any favor from him. Does he break his oath by eating his food or borrowing something from him?

If a man spends on his wife without the intention of seeking closeness to Allah and worship, does this spending discharge his duty, and will he be rewarded for it?

He swore not to buy anything for his son for one riyal, then he bought him something for one hundred riyals; has he broken his oath?

He negotiated with the seller over the price of a commodity, then swore not to buy it for ten, but then bought it for twelve. Has he broken his oath?

He swore: "By Allah, I will not speak to so-and-so," intending not to hurt or reproach him. Does he break his oath if he speaks to him about something else?

Question 8: Based on what you have studied in the sub-rules derived from the rule: (Certainty is not overruled by doubt), mention the ruling and the most appropriate rule for the following issues:

Issue

Its ruling

Appropriate rule

A person claimed against another that he hit his car or broke his hand, yet he has no evidence. Is anything due upon the defendant if he denies it with his oath?

A creditor and a debtor dispute over the amount of debt, with the creditor claiming: "I gave you ten thousand," while the debtor asserts: "Rather, it was five." In the absence of evidence from the creditor, whose word is to be taken?

A person doubted whether he had made a vow to fast or not. Is anything required of him?

The owner of the capital claims a profit against his business partner (the one who manages it), but he has no evidence, and the business partner denies it. Whose statement is accepted?

It has been established that a person borrowed money from another, then claimed to have repaid it, while the lender denied it. Whose word is to be taken?

A Jewish or Christian wife claimed that she converted to Islam before her husband's death to inherit from him, but the rest of the heirs denied this. Whose statement is to be accepted?

He noticed filth on his clothes and was uncertain whether it occurred before or after his prayer. Is he required to repeat the prayer?

He found semen in his clothes and doubted whether it occurred after the night's sleep or the day’s sleep, so to which of the two times should he attribute it?

He prayed Zhuhr thinking that the time had commenced, then it became clear to him that it had not. Does this suffice for fulfilling the obligation or he must repeat it?

There is a new tool for which we have found no evidence of permissibility or prohibition; what is the ruling on using it?

If a person eats or drinks thinking that dawn has not yet broken, and then it becomes clear to him that it has broken, is his fasting valid or he must make it up?

A person prays, thinking he is ritually pure, then it becomes clear to him that he has invalidated his purity. Is his prayer valid?

He ate, thinking that the sun had set, then it became clear to him that the sun had not set. Is he required to make up for this day?

A man divorced one of his wives three times, then forgot and became confused which one was divorced. Is it permissible for him to have marital relations with any of them before verification?

A man wishes to marry another man's daughter, knowing that one of the man's daughters was breastfed by his mother, but he does not know which one. Is it permissible for him to marry her or not?

Question 9: Place the appropriate number in front of the type of alleviation in the following:

Type of alleviation

Issue

[1] Alleviation by exemption.

[2] Alleviation by reduction.

[3] Alleviation by replacing.

[4] Alleviation by advancing.

5. Alleviation by delay.

[6] Alleviation by concession.

[ ] The legality of Salāt al-Khawf (Prayer of Fear) in a manner different from the prayer in safety.

[ ] Permissibility of combining two prayers during travel at the time of the second.

[ ] It is not obligatory for the menstruating woman to make up for missed prayers.

[ ] The legality of Tayammum when water is unavailable or when its use is harmful.

[ ] Resorting to fasting when unable to feed, clothe, or free a slave in the expiation of an oath.

[ ] Permissibility of combining two prayers during travel at the time of the first.

[ ] Friday prayer and congregational prayer are not obligatory for those with a valid excuse.

[ ] Permissibility of shortening the four-Rak‘ah prayer during travel.

[ ] Permissibility of eating a dead animal in cases of necessity.

[ ] Permissibility of delaying obligatory fasting due to illness.

[ ] It is permissible to alleviate choking by drinking alcohol when no other option is available.

Question 10: Mention the type of hardship, and whether it entails ease or not.

Hardship

Its type

Does it entail ease?

The hardship of performing the prayer in heat and cold, especially the Fajr prayer.

A man is in a state of Janābah in severe cold, and if he were to perform Ghusl with water, he would die.

A person finds it hard to perform prostration on the ground due to the roughness of the carpet.

The hardship of long travel and being away from family to perform Hajj.

The hardship of fasting in extreme heat and long days.

Question 11: Based on what you have studied regarding the rules subsumed under the rule: "Hardship entails ease," mention the ruling and the most appropriate rule for the following issues:

Issue

Its ruling

Appropriate rule

If a person is attacked by an animal or a human, and the aggressor cannot be repelled except by killing, is it permissible to kill the aggressor?

If someone is unable to repay any part of their debt: is he still required to pay it, and is it permissible to imprison him?

If a person is in the desert and is overtaken by hunger, fearing for his life, and finds nothing but a dead animal, is it then permissible for him to eat it?

Can a person compelled by necessity eat the entirety of a dead animal?

If a person is compelled while driving to collide with another car in order to avoid a child who suddenly appeared on the road, is he required to provide indemnity to the owner of the other car?

If one is consulted regarding a suitor and finds that indirectness suffices in rejecting him, such as saying, "He is not suitable for you," is he then obliged to list all the defects he knows of him?

If a person is compelled to move excessively during the prayer, does it invalidate his prayer?

Is it permissible to wipe over the splint after the wound has healed?

Is it permissible to sell something whose edible part is inside, such as watermelon and the like, without seeing its inside?

If a ship is about to sink and a person throws overboard some of another's belongings out of necessity to lighten it, is he liable?

If one is compelled by necessity to expose their private parts for medical treatment by a doctor, is it permissible for them to reveal more than what the doctor needs to examine?

Question 12: Based on your studies of the sub-rules under the rule: "There should neither be harm nor reciprocal harm," mention the ruling and the most appropriate rule for the following issues:

Issue

Its ruling

Appropriate rule

Khiyar al-‘Ayb (option of withdrawal due to a defect), Khiyar at-Tadlīs (option of withdrawal due to deception), and Khiyar al-Ghabn (option of withdrawal due to excessive loss).

lawful

If the branches of a person's tree extend into the airspace of his neighbor, and the neighbor requests their removal, is he obliged to comply? If he refuses to remove them, is he liable for any damage they cause after the request?

What is the ruling on the appointment of judges by the ruler to settle disputes?

Is the interdiction of a bankrupt person permissible?

Is it permissible for a person in compelling need of food to eat the food of another person in compelling need?

Exaggeration in increasing the amount of the dowry holds benefits for the woman and her guardians, yet it brings about detriments to society. Is it then appropriate to exaggerate it to achieve the benefit?

Is it permissible for someone coerced into killing a Muslim unjustly to proceed with the act of killing?

If a person sells something to another and does not receive the payment, and then the buyer becomes bankrupt before paying any of the debt, and the seller finds his property with the buyer as it is, does the seller have the right to take it back?

A man said: "It is difficult for me to combine fasting and praying while standing. If I break my fast during Ramadan, I can pray standing, but if I fast, I pray while sitting." Should he pray while sitting?

If a person is threatened with death unless he pays a certain amount of money, is he obligated to pay it?

If the harm of the aggressor against one's honor—Allah forbid—cannot be repelled except by giving him some money, is it obligatory to give it?

Is exaggerated rinsing of the mouth and inhaling water recommended for a fasting person?

The blood of the martyr must remain on him, and he is to be buried with it. However, if impurity mixes with it, should the blood be washed along with it?

A man said: "If I pray standing, I am afflicted with urinary incontinence, or I am unable to recite during standing. However, if I pray sitting, the incontinence ceases, and I can recite." How should he pray?

Question 13: Based on what you have studied in the classification of ‘Urf (custom), indicate the type of each of the following customs in the mentioned classifications (mark the appropriate checkbox):

Custom

Its subject

Origin

Consideration

Applicability among the people

Related to statements

Related to actions

General

Specific

Sharia-based

Valid

Invalid

Regular

predominant

Equally balanced

Rare

The term: Dābbah (beast) is specifically applied to quadrupeds.

The people have become accustomed to selling bread by exchange, without verbalizing the formula.

The specification of the term: Lahm (meat) when used generally refers to the meat of livestock.

A man's statement: "By Allah, I will not set foot in so-and-so's house," intending: the absolute entry into the house, not merely setting foot.

The application of "Raf‘" to the grammatical meaning that which is opposite of "Nasb" and "Jarr".

It is customary among people in the sale of a bedroom set that the delivery and assembly are the responsibility of the seller.

The term "Salah" (prayer) refers to the act of worship consisting of specific words and actions, which begins with Takbīr (saying: Allāhu Akbar) and concludes with Taslīm (salutation of peace that ends the prayer).

The suitor presenting gifts to his fiancée, does not count as part of the dowry.

Customary awareness of traffic regulations.

Customary agreement among Muslims regarding covering the ‘Awrah (private parts).

The custom among the people of immorality is for a woman to go out in short clothes.

Riba-based banks are accustomed to taking interest on loans.

Question 14: Based on what you have studied regarding the conditions of custom, mention the ruling on the following with the reasoning:

A man established an endowment and included terms that had a customary meaning at the time of the endowment. After years, the customary meaning of those terms changed. Should consideration be given to the original custom or the latter one?

[The first / the second]

If it is customary for the seller to deliver heavy items to the buyer's location, but it is explicitly stated in the contract that the delivery is the buyer's responsibility, then is the delivery the responsibility of the seller or the buyer?

[Seller / Buyer]

If traders agree upon taking a specific percentage of interest on loans, and a person lends a sum of money to another, is he entitled to the customary interest?

(Yes/No)

If it is customary in one of the local markets that the seller is responsible for delivering the furniture, regardless of its size or weight, and a person purchases light furniture from another market, is the seller obligated to deliver it?

(Yes/No)

Question 15: Based on what you have studied regarding the sub-rules under the rule: (Custom is considered in judgment), mention the ruling and the most appropriate rule for the following issues:

Issue

Ruling

Appropriate rule

Two individuals entered into a sale, specifying the price without determining the type of currency; how then do we ascertain the currency?

Is the offer and acceptance of a mute person in the marriage contract valid if it is done through an understandable gesture?

A person purchased a bedroom set from a store without stipulating that the seller must deliver and assemble it. Is the seller obligated to deliver and assemble it?

A Saudi individual appointed another Saudi in Saudi Arabia to purchase a garment for him, without specifying a particular type. He bought him a Sudanese garment. Is this valid?

A person sent a written message to his wife saying: "You are divorced." Does she get divorced?

Is it permissible for a tenant to allow whomever he wishes from his companions or guests to enter and stay overnight without informing the landlord?

Does the comprehensible gesture by a mute person effectuate divorce and emancipation?

In Kuwait, ‘Aysh refers to rice, while in Madīnah, it refers to bread. If someone swore not to eat ‘Aysh and then ate rice; did he break his oath?

He breaks his oath if he is from Kuwait, but he does not break his oath if he is from Madīnah.

Is enjoining what is right to be abandoned in certain cases if it is known that the one commanded will commit something worse and more reprehensible?

Does an offer and acceptance in sales via fax and email equate to a verbal offer and acceptance?

Question 16: Distinguish which rulings are subject to change over time and which are not.

Ruling

Its type

Affirming the attributes of Allah Almighty.

The obligation of the Zhuhr prayer.

The issues that the jurists discussed based on the medicine of their time, and then medicine advanced in our era, revealing to us differences from what was known to them.

The prohibition of Zina (unlawful sexual intercourse)

Providing electricity in the home is considered an obligatory expenditure, even though it was not so in earlier times.

The prescribed time of the Fajr prayer.

The prohibition of Riba (usury), even though most banks in this era operate on it.

Question 17: Write the appropriate major Fiqh-related rule in front of each sub-issue:

Sub-issue

Major rule

If the one led in prayer catches up with the imam while he is bowing and doubts whether he caught up before the imam raised his head from Rukū‘, that Rak‘ah is not counted for him.

One who is certain of purity but doubts the occurrence of what invalidates it

Consecutiveness between the rounds of Tawāf is a condition for its validity. If it is interrupted by a long break, it must be started over, whether the interruption was intentional or due to forgetfulness, such as leaving a round of Tawāf thinking it was completed. The length or shortness of the break is determined according to custom.

When someone says, "By Allah, I will not visit so-and-so," and intends it for that day, he does not break his oath by visiting him after a week.

If one doubts the number of Rak‘ahs he prayed, whether it was two or three, the certainty is that he prayed two, and the third is doubtful. Therefore, he must perform it and offer the prostration of forgetfulness.

If someone is unable to pray standing, then he may pray sitting.

Whoever says: "I gifted you my car in exchange for one hundred riyals," it is considered a sale, not a gift.

It is permissible to repel an aggressor against oneself, even if it requires killing him.

He swore not to buy anything for his son for one riyal. Then he bought something for him for one hundred riyals; thus, he has broken his oath.

Question 18: Write before each piece of evidence the appropriate major Fiqh-related rule:

Evidence

Rule

The Prophet (ﷺ) forbade cutting off hands during military expeditions. [Narrated by Abu Dāwūd], although the original rule regarding the prescribed punishments is that they should be carried out in any place. He (ﷺ) forbade it in this situation out of fear that it might lead to something more displeasing to Allah than delaying or suspending it, such as the person joining the polytheists out of zeal and anger.

Allah Almighty says: {Do not revile those whom they supplicate besides Allah, lest they revile Allah out of spite and lack of knowledge.}

Anas ibn Mālik (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that a Bedouin urinated in the mosque, so the people got up towards him. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "Do not interrupt him." Then he called for a bucket of water and poured it over the place.

The saying of the Prophet (ﷺ): "Leave me as I leave you. Verily, what destroyed those before you was their asking questions and their disagreement with their prophets. So, if I forbid you from something, avoid it; and if I command you with something, do as much of it as you can."

Curriculum

Fiqh Qualification according to the School of Imām Mālik

Usūl al-Fiqh (Principles of Fiqh)